BIO

1. Chapter 1:pp. 1 - 24 A View of Life

2. Outline • Defining Life - Emergent Properties • Materials and Energy • Reproduction and Development • Adaptations and Natural Selection • Classification • Organization and Diversity • Natural Selection

3. Outline • Biosphere Organization • Human Population • Biodiversity • The Scientific Method • Observation • Hypothesis • Data • Conclusion • Scientific Theory

4. Defining Life • Living things: • Comprised of the same chemical elements e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen • Obey the same physical and chemical laws • Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular). • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus • Cells are produced from preexisting cells • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions

5. Defining Life • Living organisms can be Microscopic: • Bacteria • Paramecium • Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular): • Snow goose • Humans Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bacteria Paramecium Morel Sunflower Snow goose (Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis; (Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography

6. Defining Life • Each level of organization has Emergent Properties • Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere) • Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it • Emergent properties: • Interactions between the parts making up the whole • All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

7. Levels of Biological Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. BiosphereRegions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphereinhabited by living things Ecosystem A community plus the physical environment CommunityInteracting populations in a particular area PopulationOrganisms of the samespecies in a particular area OrganismAn individual; complexindividuals contain organ systems Organ System Composed of several organs working together OrganComposed of tissues functioningtogether for a specific task TissueA group of cells with a commonstructure and function CellThe structural and functionalunit of all living things MoleculeUnion of two or more atoms ofthe same or different elements AtomSmallest unit of an element composed ofelectrons, protons, and neutrons

8. Living Things: Acquire & Process Food • Energy – required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes • The sun: • Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth • Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis • Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules) • Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals • Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism. • Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

9. Acquiring Nutrients Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. food a. d. e. c. f. b. a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography;d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

10. Living Things: Respond to Stimuli • Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment • Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement • Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner • Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south • Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals • Even leaves of plants follow sun • Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

11. Living Things: Reproduce and Develop • Organisms live and die • All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population • In most multicellular organisms reproduction: • Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization) • Followed by cell division and differentiation • Developmental instructions encoded in genes • Composed of DNA • Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

12. Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

13. Living Things: Adapt to Change • Adaptation • Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life • Organisms become modified over long period time • Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations • However, organisms very similar at basic level • Suggests living things descended from same ancestor • Descent with modification - Evolution • Caused by natural selection

14. Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology • Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics • Composed of cells organized in a similar manner • Their genes are composed of DNA • Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy • This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor

15. Classification • Taxonomy: • Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules • Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships • Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive: • Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain • A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it (e.g. kingdom)

16. Levels of Classification

17. Domains • Bacteria • Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes • Archaea • Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes • Extreme aquatic environments • Eukarya • Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms

18. Domains

19. Evolutionary Tree of Life Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. BACTERIA common ancestor (first cells) ARCHAEA Protists Photosynthetic protist Plants cell with nucleus EUKARYA Fungi Heterotrophic Protist Animals common ancestor Past Present Time

20. Domains: The Archaea Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Prokaryotic cells of various shapes • Adaptations to • extreme environments • Absorb or chemosynthesize food • Unique chemical characteristics m Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon 1.6 © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

21. Domains: The Bacteria Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Prokaryotic cells of various shapes • Adaptations to all environments • Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food • Unique chemical characteristics 1.5 m Escherichia coli, a bacterium © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

22. Kingdoms • Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out • Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out • Eukarya • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

23. Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protists KINGDOM: Plants • Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds • Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular) • Absorb, photosynthesize, • or ingest food • Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants • Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells • Photosynthesize food 1 m r Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan KINGDOM: Animals KINGDOM: Fungi • Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals • Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells • Ingest food • Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms • Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells • Absorb food1 V ulpes, a red fox Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom (Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis

24. Scientific Names • Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo Sapience • Universal • Latin-based • First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo • Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. Sapience • Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens) • Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli

25. Natural Selection Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure. Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population. Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

26. Organization of the Biosphere • Population - Members of a species within an area • Community - A local collection of interacting populations • Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment • How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms • How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators

27. Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat solar energy heat heat heat heat Chemical cycling WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION heat Energy flow

28. Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Healthy coral reef 1975 Minimal coral death 1985 Some coral death with no fish present 1995 Coral bleaching with limited chance of recovery 2004 Coral is black from sedimentation; bleaching still evident b. a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan

29. Human Populations • Humans modify ecosystems • Humans negative impact on ecosystems: • Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc. • Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc. • However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for • Food • Medicines • Raw materials • Other ecosystem processes

30. Biodiversity • Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist • Abundance of species estimated about 15 million. • The variability of their genes, and • The ecosystems in which they live • Extinction is: • The death of the last member of a species • Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

31. The Scientific Method • Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research. • Begins with observation • Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior • Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms • Take advantage of prior studies • Hypothesis • A tentative explanation for what was observed • Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general

32. The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Hypothesis Input from varioussources is used to formulatea testable statement. Experiment/Observations Conclusion The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Scientific Theory Many experiments and observations support a theory. Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

33. The Scientific Method: Experimentation • Experimentation • Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis • Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific • Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group • Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid • If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged • If not, hypothesis is unsupportable

34. The Scientific Method • The results are analyzed and interpreted • Conclusions are what the scientist thinks caused the results • Findings must be reported in scientific journals • Peers review the findings and the conclusions • Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

35. The Scientific Method: Results • Results or Data • Observable, objective results from an experiment • Strength of the data expressed in probabilities • The probability that random variation could have caused the results • Low probability (less than 5%) is good • Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss random chance as the sole cause of the results

36. Scientific Theory • Scientific Theory: • Joins together two or more related hypotheses • Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data • Scientific Principle / Law: • Widely accepted set of theories • No serious challenges to validity

37. Controlled Experiments • Experimental (Independent) variable • Applied one way to experimental group • Applied a different way to control group • Response (dependent) variable • Variable that is measured to generate data • Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group

38. Controlled Experiments • Observations: • Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage soils by altering its properties • When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds natural nitrogen • Hypothesis: • Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much as nitrates • Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils

39. Root Nodules Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nodules © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.

40. Controlled Experiments • Experimental Design • Control Group • Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer • Experimental Groups • 1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate • 2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate • 3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a crop of pigeon peas • All groups treated identically except for above

41. Crop Rotation Study Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control pots Test pots Test pots no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation 20 Control Pots = no fertilization treatment Test Pots 15 = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10 Test pots a. Control pots and test pots of three types 45 kg of nitrogen/ha 5 0 year 1 year 2 year 3 b. Results (All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

42. Controlled Experiments • Experimental Prediction: • Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation will be equal or better than following nitrate fertilizer • Results • 45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls • 90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as controls • Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much as the controls

43. Controlled Experiments • Conclusion • Research hypothesis was not supported by results • However, research hypothesis was not proven false by negative results • Revised experiment • Grow wheat in same pots for several generations • Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved production in pigeon pea pots

44. Controlled Experiments • Results • After second year: • Production following nitrates declined • Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all • After third year • Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls • Revised conclusions • Research hypothesis supported • Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over nitrates

45. A Field Study Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2.0 c. Resident male attacking a male model near nest Approaches to male model a. Scientist making observations 1.5 1.0 Approaches per Minute b. Normal mountain bluebird nesting behavior 0.5 Approaches to female mate resident male nest 1 nest 2 0 male bluebird model nest construction first egg laid hatching of eggs Stage of Nesting Cycle female mate d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data for graph. © Erica S. Leeds

46. Review • Defining Life - Emergent Properties • Materials and Energy • Reproduction and Development • Adaptations and Natural Selection • Biosphere Organization • Human Population • Biodiversity • Classification • The Scientific Method

47. A View of Life