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Alternatives of antibiotics for pigs 猪用抗生素的替代

Alternatives of antibiotics for pigs 猪用抗生素的替代. Defa Li 李德发. Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre 农业部饲料工业中心. 2006 年 11 月 30 日于北京. Who operates MAFIC Research. 微生物学. 免疫学. 分子生物学. 分析化学. 猪营养. 细胞生物学. 团队研究. 营养需要 与代谢. 营养与免疫. 基因工程菌. 植物提取物. 分子营养 与肉品质.

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Alternatives of antibiotics for pigs 猪用抗生素的替代

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  1. Alternatives of antibiotics for pigs 猪用抗生素的替代 Defa Li 李德发 Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre 农业部饲料工业中心 2006年11月30日于北京

  2. Who operates MAFIC Research 微生物学 免疫学 分子生物学 分析化学 猪营养 细胞生物学 团队研究 营养需要 与代谢 营养与免疫 基因工程菌 植物提取物 分子营养 • 与肉品质

  3. Current situation and future development 现状与展望 Antibiotics 抗生素 Residue 残留 Resistance 耐药性 Harmful to animal and human health 影响动物和人类的健康 Reduce the use of antibiotics 减少抗生素的使用 EU 欧盟 China 中国

  4. Alternatives of antibiotics 抗生素替代 • Probiotics • 益生素 • Enzyme preparations • 酶制剂 • Herbal extracts • 天然提取物 • Antimicrobial peptides • 抗菌肽

  5. Probiotics益生素

  6. Lactobacillus 乳酸杆菌 Mechanism 机理研究 Application 应用研究 悉生动物模型 绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)标记 信号传导 蛋白组学 复合发酵培养 作用机制 粘附位点 蛋白差异 无抗发酵饲料

  7. Experimental model ofgnotobioticanimals悉生动物实验模型 悉生动物(已知菌动物) • Targeting distribution 目的细菌在肠道中的定位分布情况,其与肠道菌系之 间的关系 • Specific passway and function 具体作用途径与功能的研究 致病菌 益生菌 + 致病菌 益生菌 空白组

  8. Development of antibiotics-free fermented feed无抗发酵饲料的开发

  9. Fermentative respiratory membrane 发酵呼吸膜 • Single way valve • 单向阀门 • CO2 venting, preventing air to enter 排出袋内微生物产生的CO2,阻止大气进入

  10. Inhibitory activity of Bacillus spp. 139 against pathogenic bacteria, but not Lactobacillus 外源芽孢杆菌可抑制有害菌,对乳酸菌无影响 A, E. coli K88大肠杆菌K88 B, E. coli K99大肠杆菌K99 C, S. typhimurium鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 D, Staph. Aureus金黄色葡萄球菌 Int. J. Gener. Mol. Microbiol., X. H. Guo, Defa Li, 2006

  11. NSP enzyme 非淀粉多糖酶 Oligosaccharide 寡糖 Activator 激活剂 Activate 刺激 Multi-strains combination, creating anaerobic condition automatically 多菌种组合,自身创造厌氧环境 Lactobacillus reproduction inanaerobic condition 乳酸杆菌厌氧发酵 好氧 兼性 Yeast 酵母菌 Bacillus spp. 芽胞杆菌 兼性

  12. 接菌 激活剂 原料 Inoculating, packing, then fermentation 先接种、包装,后发酵 轻工业副产物:玉米浆、果渣 发酵

  13. Energy Gossypol Energy(kcal/g) Gossypol(mg/kg) Fermentation time (h) Effect of fermentation time on energy and gossypol 能量与游离棉酚随发酵时间的变化 • Decrease the content of gossypol • 降低游离棉酚的含量

  14. Effects of antibiotics-free fermented feed on growth performance in pigs 无抗发酵饲料对猪生产性能的影响 P > 0.05

  15. RFIDsystem RFID 追溯系统 基因芯片 • Gene chip:The on line examination technique of antibiotics • 基因芯片:快速检测分割肉中的抗生素含量(20-100 ppb)

  16. Proteomics 蛋白质组学

  17. Proteomics analysis of interaction between Lactobacillus and intestine乳酸杆菌和肠道细胞相互作用的蛋白质组学研究 Lactobacillus 乳酸杆菌 Intestinal epithelial cells 肠道上皮细胞 样品制备 蛋白 等点聚焦 蛋白质组学 双向电泳 SDS-PAGE 胶内酶切 图像分析 差异蛋白 质谱分析 数据库比对鉴定蛋白 生物功能 相互作用机制 J. Nutr., J. J. Wang, Defa Li, 2006

  18. Experimental design试验设计 Rabbit jejunum 兔子空肠 Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 cells Culture medium, 37ºC 37ºC温箱 Adhered or not Intestinal cells 4 h 37ºC1 h • Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis • 双向电泳 • Mass spectrometry • 质谱 Differential proteins 差异蛋白

  19. 降解肠粘膜表达的粘蛋白 有利于乳酸杆菌粘附定植 Glycoside hydrolase 糖苷水解酶(粘蛋白的分解酶) Lactobacillus inrabbit jejunum culture 兔子空肠培养条件下乳酸杆菌表达差异的蛋白 糖酵解 Lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶 有利于乳酸杆菌存活 减少氧自 由基产生 Dihydrolipomide dehydrogenase 二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶  (丙酮酸脱氢酶系) 三羧酸循环 NADPH 生成增加 Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphoketolase (F6PPK) 6-磷酸果糖磷酸酮酶  磷酸戊糖途径 Electrophoresis,F. Yang, Defa Li, 2006

  20. Intestinal cells after Lactobacillus adhesion 肠细胞被乳酸杆菌粘附条件下表达差异的蛋白 Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 电压依从性阴离子通道1 调控膜通透性 改善肠道完整性 及其健康 减少氧化应激 Glutathione transferase 谷胱甘肽转移酶 改善机体免疫 Heat shock protein gp96 热应激蛋白gp96 Electrophoresis,F. Yang, Defa Li, 2006

  21. Synbiotics 合生素

  22. Functional mechanism ofsynbiotics 合生素的作用机理 Synbiotics 合生素 Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌 Astragalus, aloe polysaccharide, etc. 黄芪多糖,芦荟多糖等 Immunity 免疫力 Antibacterial substance 抑菌物质 Organic acid 有机酸 Health 动物健康

  23. Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌 • Bacteriophage • 产生抗菌素 • 挥发性脂肪酸:乙酸、丙酸、丁酸 • Tolerance of the intestinal environment 耐受肠道内环境

  24. ZnO氧化锌

  25. Hypothesis假设 Hormone on eating 采食相关激素 Feed intake 采食量 生产性能 Growth performance Gastrointestinal hormones 胃肠激素 Intestinal IGF-1 system 小肠IGF-1系统 Intestine function 肠道功能 ZnO Mast cell mediators 肥大细胞介质 Diarrhea 腹泻 Enteric nervous system 肠神经系统

  26. Effects of dietary supplement of 3000 mg/kg ZnO on the expression of fundic gland Ghrelin gene in piglets日粮中添加3000 mg/kg氧化锌对断奶仔猪胃底腺Ghrelin基因表达的影响 P = 0.008 • Increase the expression of the Ghrelin gene • 显著提高断奶仔猪胃底腺Ghrelin基因的表达, 提高采食量

  27. The small intestinal morphology of weaned pigs receiving a diet with or without supplementation of 3000 mg/kg Zn 日粮中添加3000 mg/kg氧化锌ZnO对仔猪小肠形态 的影响 • Improve the intestinal function • 药理剂量氧化锌促进仔猪肠道健康 J. Nutr., X. L. Li, Defa Li, 2006

  28. ab libitum Pair-fed P = 0.012 P = 0.041 Effects of dietary supplement of 3000 mg/kgZnO on the expression of small-intestinal mucosa IGF-1 gene in piglets日粮中添加3000 mg/kg氧化锌对仔猪小肠粘膜IGF-1基因表达的影响 • Increase the expression of IGF-1 gene • 提高小肠 IGF-1 基因的表达 • 通过IGF-1的旁分泌作用促进仔猪肠道健康和生长 J. Nutr., X. L. Li, Defa Li, 2006

  29. P = 0.049 P = 0.049 P = 0.005 Jejunum Duodenum Ileum Histamine concentrations in the small intestine of weanling piglets fed diets containing normal and high-levels of ZnO高锌日粮对断奶仔猪小肠组胺浓度的影响 • Decrease the release of the histamine in the small intestine • 高锌显著降低断奶仔猪小肠组胺的释放 •  稳定小肠通透性

  30. The numbers of mast cells (cell/cm2) in the small intestine of weanling piglets fed diets containing normal or high-levels of zinc oxide 高锌日粮对断奶仔猪小肠肥大细胞数量的影响 • Decrease the numbers of the mast cells in the small intestine • 高锌显著降低断奶仔猪小肠各层肥大细胞数 •  改善小肠功能

  31. mRNA and protein levels for the stem cell factor (SCF) gene in the mid jejunum of weanling piglets fed diets containing normal and high-levels of ZnO 高锌对空肠中段干细胞因子表达(基因与蛋白)的影响 P = 0.016 P = 0.024 Normal ZnO High ZnO Normal ZnO High ZnO Protein mRNA • Decrease the expression of SCF • 高锌显著降低空肠干细胞因子的表达 • 调控肥大细胞数量及介质释放

  32. The effects of dietary zinc on the changes in Isc (ΔIscZn) and in G (ΔGZn)日粮锌对短路电流和电导率改变的影响 • Zn improves tight junction permeability • 高锌降低断奶仔猪小肠粘膜跨上皮电位差 • 维持肠道紧密连接的完整性 Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Z. K. Feng, 2006

  33. Enzyme preparations酶制剂

  34. Complex enzyme-mutation and selection 复合酶——诱变选育 • Aspergillus sulphureus-MAFIC001 • 可高产复合酶的硫色曲霉及其诱变筛育方法和固态发酵制备饲用复合酶的应用 • High yield of complex enzyme: xylanase, -glucanase, • pectinase, etc. • 高产复合酶:木聚糖酶、 -葡聚糖酶、果胶酶等 • Industrial production • 工业化生产,商业利润超过1000万元 • Aspergillus niger-MAFIC005 • 饲用非淀粉多糖酶高产菌种的选育及其固态发酵生产技术 • High yield of complex enzyme: xylanase, -glucanase, • pectinase, etc. • 高产复合酶:木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、果胶酶等

  35. -mannanase-Aspergillus sulplhureus MAFIC001 -甘露聚糖酶-硫色曲霉MAFIC001 Existing questions and the methods to increase the yield of -mannanase 存在问题及提高-甘露聚糖酶产量的方法 • Low yield and enzymatic activity, difficult for massive application of -mannanase • 产量低,酶活力不高,使-甘露聚糖酶不能大量推广使用 • Screening high yielding A. sulphureus MAFIC001-mannanasestrains by a mutant treatment • 诱变选育高产硫色曲霉MAFIC001 -甘露聚糖酶菌种 • Modifying -mannanase gene sequence according to codon bias • 根据密码子偏好性,优化-甘露聚糖酶基因序列

  36. Primer 1:5'-TTCAACGACGTCAACAC -3' Primer 2:5'-A(T/C)CCAGCC(G/A)TTGCCCCA-3' N-terminal domain C-terminal domain Partial sequence 3’-RACE(3’-full RACE Core Set) 5’-RACE(5’-full RACE Core Set) RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术 • Primer 1 and Primer 2 used to amplify the partial sequence of -mannanase • 设计引物Primer 1和Primer 2扩增-甘露聚糖酶部分序列 • Obtain the N-terminal and C-terminal of -mannanasegene sequence using • RACE technique • 使用RACE技术获得-甘露聚糖酶的N-端和C-端序列

  37. 1152 bp 947 bp 1375 bp The first time clone the full-length gene sequence of A. sulphureus MAFIC001 -mannanase (GenBank accession no. DQ328335) 首次克隆了硫色曲霉MAFIC001β-甘露聚糖酶全基因序列 J Biotechnol., X. L. Chen, Defa Li, 2006

  38. A • Modifying the mature -mannanase gene sequence by codon bias 密码子优化改造-甘露聚糖酶成熟编码基因序列 • Constructing P. pastoris expression vector pPICZαA, high density • fermentation of recombinant -mannanase in 10 L fermenter • 构建毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA,实现重组-甘露聚糖 • 酶在10 L发酵罐中高密度发酵 Pichia pastoris expression vector 毕赤酵母表达载体 Fermentation device (10 L) 发酵装置(10升)

  39. 48 kDa 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 116 kDa 66.2kDa 45 kDa 35 kDa 1100 U/mL Accumulation of -mannanase activity with different induction times for fermentation 发酵中-甘露聚糖酶活性随诱导 时间的积累 SDS-PAGE of expressed -mannanase in fermentor with different induction times 发酵罐中-甘露聚糖酶在不同时间的表达量 • Highest protein expression level (最高蛋白浓度):3 g/L • Highest enzymatic activity (最高酶活力):1100 U/mL • Purity(纯度):96% JAM, X. L. Chen, Defa Li, 2006

  40. 3.9 fold 3.3 fold -mannanaseprotein expression level -甘露聚糖酶蛋白表达水平 -mannanase activity -甘露聚糖酶活力 • -mannanase characterization: an extremely broad pH (2.2-8.0) • range, optimum pH is 2.4 • 酶学特性:pH(2.2-8.0)范围宽,最适pH 2.4 JAM, X. L. Chen, Defa Li, 2006

  41. Further research 进一步的研究 • Pilot scale, mass-industrial production • 中试,实现工业化生产 • Determine the efficacy by animal feeding trials • 动物试验验证其效果 National feed engineering technology research center Nankou fermentation base 国家饲料工程技术研究中心南口发酵实验基地

  42. Xylanase 木聚糖酶 • Aspergillus niger MAFIC005 Xylanase gene • 克隆黑曲霉MAFIC005木聚糖酶xynB基因,GenBank登录号为 • DQ174549 • 实现了在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中的表达 • 酶学性质表明,与动物胃肠道环境相适应 • Aspergillus sulphureus MAFIC001 Xylanase gene • 克隆硫色曲霉MAFIC001木聚糖酶xynA和xynB基因,GenBank • 登录号分别为DQ355509和DQ168666 • 实现了在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中的表达 • 酶学性质表明,与动物胃肠道环境相适应 Enzyme Microb. Tech., P. Deng, Defa Li, 2006

  43. Thermostability of the modified recombinant xylanase 改造的重组木聚糖酶热稳定性研究 Aspergillus sulphureus 硫色曲霉 Constitutive expression in Pichia pastoris 毕赤酵母中的组成型表达 + pGAPZαA 载体 Modified xynA 改造xynA • Good stability:80ºC for 90 min • 热稳定性好,80ºC保持90 min • Enzymatic activity: 120 U/mL • 最高酶活力达120 U/mL • Protein concentration: 3.78 mg/mL • 蛋白浓度为3.78 mg/mL

  44. Herbal extracts(Astragalus polysaccharide, APS)天然提取物(黄芪多糖)

  45. Hypothesis 假设 Immune suppress (cyclophosphamide) 免疫抑制(环磷酰胺,CY ) Disorder of GH/IGF-I axis GH / IGF-I轴异常 -? -? + - APS 黄芪多糖 + - • Inflammation reaction • of LPS LPS炎性反应 Immune enhancement 免疫增强 -? ? ? + Immune type 免疫类型 Cell culture 细胞培养 Inflammation factor secretion 炎性因子分泌

  46. Effects of APS on ratio of CD4+/CD8+ and Lymphocyte proliferation in pigletsAPS对仔猪CD4+/CD8+比值和淋巴细胞增殖的影响 CD4+/CD8+ 淋巴细胞增殖 (Linear P < 0.05) (Linear P < 0.05) • Improve cell immune function, the optimal APS level was • 500 mg/kg • APS提高断奶仔猪的细胞免疫功能,增强其对入侵微生物和疾病  • 的抵抗力,促进仔猪健康和生长 • APS在断奶仔猪日粮中的最适添加量为500 mg/kg Anim. Sci., S.L. Yuan, X.S. Piao, Defa Li,2006

  47. Effects of dietary supplement of APS on serum cytokinesin weaned pigs received cyclophosphamide (CY)APS(注射环磷酰胺, CY)对断奶仔猪血清细胞因子的影响 (pg/mL) • Reverse CY-induced cell immune suppress and humour • immune suppress • 环磷酰胺免疫抑制模型研究发现,APS可促进猪的正常细胞免 • 疫,也可逆转CY造成的免疫抑制 • 本研究建立了一种评价APS对仔猪营养和免疫作用的有用模型 Anim. Sci., S.L. Yuan, X.S. Piao, Defa Li,2006

  48. Effects of APS on serum index in pigletsAPS对仔猪血清指标的影响 • Recover the normal function of GH/IGF-I axis • 炎性细胞因子过度分泌以及GH/IGF-I轴的异常,导致断奶仔猪 发生免疫炎症和生长速度下降 • APS通过降低炎性细胞因子、GH和皮质醇的含量,增加抗炎性 因子的合成,恢复GH/IGF-I轴的正常而发挥其免疫抗炎作用 Anim. Sci., S.L. Yuan, X.S. Piao, Defa Li,2006

  49. Effects of APS on NO and iNOS activity in pigletsAPS对仔猪NO和iNOS的影响 b • Increase NO and iNOS activity of theperipheral blood • lymphocytesin piglets • APS显著增加仔猪外周血淋巴细胞NO和iNOS的活性,并呈剂量依赖性 J. Anim. Sci., X.F. Mao, Defa Li,2005

  50. * * * * * Effects of APS on different cytokines APS对不同细胞因子的影响 (P < 0.05) * * * (P < 0.05) * * * * • Increase the IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion • T细胞可能是APS直接作用的靶细胞之一 • APS可在体外促进细胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ的分泌,这 • 可能是APS的免疫调节作用之一 Anim. Sci., S.L. Yuan, X.S. Piao, Defa Li,2006

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