Multi cellular Plants

1. Multi cellular Plants Section 18-3, (25-2)

2. What is a Plant? • Multi cellular • Photosynthetic • Eukaryotic • Cell walls with cellulose • Alternation of generation • n to 2n • Haploid to diploid

3. Alternation of Generation

4. Cell Wall Examples • Plants - polysaccharide is cellulose • Fungi – polysaccharide is chitin • Bacteria – polysaccharide is peptidoglycan • (Eubacteria – True bacteria)

5. All Plants Bryophytes Tracheophytes (Mosses) Vascular tissue Xylem Phloem Gymnosperms Ferns Angiosperms Spores (Conifers) (Flowering Plants) Enclosed Seeds Naked Seeds Monocots Dicots

6. Structures to allow for life on land? • Internal transport system • products of photosynthesis need to move throughout plant. • Anchoring system • water, nutrients need to come from soil • Reproduction • modification include pollen and seeds

7. Two groups • Bryophytes • Tracheophytes

8. Bryophytes • Mosses, liverworts, horn worts • Small - no vascular tissue • standing water needed for reproduction Text picture p. 427 Life cycle

10. Tracheophytes • Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms • Vascular tissue • xylem • phloem

11. Ferns (not on exam) • Spores • Alternation of generation • Life cycle

13. Gymnosperms • Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgoes • Naked seeds • Male cones produce pollen • Female cones (seed cones) contain eggs • Use alternation of generations

14. Seed Cone and Pollen cone

15. Reproduction in Gymnospermspage 583 - notes • Alternation of generation: when the gametophyte develops inside the sporophyte • It takes a year for seed to be produced. • Female seeds released after one entire winter.

16. Visualizing the Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm • 1. What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms? • 2. What is the primary mechanism of pollen dispersal for most gymnosperms? • 3. Is a pine tree diploid or haploid? • 4. Why do the scales of a pine cone open as it matures? • 5. Why are the male cones found on the bottom of a pine tree and the female cones found on the top?

17. …... Gymnosperm….Answers • 1. Cones/scales the reproductive structures of gymnosperms? • 2. Wind the primary mechanism of pollen dispersal for most gymnosperms? • 3. A pine tree is diploid. • 4. The scales of a pine cone open to release the seeds. • 5. This fosters more pollination between different individual trees.

18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 angiosperms* 15 16 17 18 True 19 20 Section Review 25-2

19. Seed • Plant embryo • Food supply • Protective coating

20. Angiosperms • Extremely successful • flowers • seeds What is a seed?

21. The Flower • Reproductive organ in angiosperms • Flowers are formed from four types of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

22. Sepals • Leaflike • Photosynthetic • Enclose, protect developing flower bud

23. Petals • Brightly colored • Attract pollinators

24. Stamens • Male leaves • Produce pollen • Filament • Anther

25. Carpels • Female leaves • One or many carpels • Carpel contains ovary • Ovary contains ovules • Parts: stigma, style, ovary

26. Monocots • One cotyledon • Flower parts in threes, sixes • Leaves have parallel veins • Vascular bundles scattered in stem

27. Specialized tissues in a Monocot (corn)

28. Dicots • Two cotyledons • Flower parts in fours, fives • Veins in leaves branched • Vascular bundles in a ring

29. Specialized tissues in a woody dicot Where is the xylem? Where is the phloem?

30. Trends to watch • Invasion of land - structures • Alternation of generation - the changes

31. Adapting to land • Roots • Anchor plant • Absorb water • Leaves • capture sunlight • waxy cuticle • stomata • Vascular tissue • xylem (water-up) • phloem (food-down/up)

32. 1 d 2 c 3 i 4 a 5 k 6 h 7 f 8 n 9 o 10 m 11 d 12 b 13 l 14 g 15 e 16 j 17 b 18 sexually, generation 19 wetter 20 moist 21 leaf 22 stem 23 water, minerals 24 stomates 25 diploid 26 the pollen grain 27adaptations Xerox 18-3

33. 28 • Certain types of plants need different climate conditions. The relative abundance of fossilized plants indicates the type of climate that existed.