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PEER DISCOVERY PROTOCOL FOR JXTA. SNEHAL PATEL ADVISIOR: DR. HUIPING GUO CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LOS ANGELES 1 DECEMBER 2006. Peer-to-Peer Architecture Peer-to-Peer Networks Related Work on Peer Discovery Suggested Peer Discovery Protocol Conclusion. Outline.
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PEER DISCOVERY PROTOCOL FOR JXTA SNEHAL PATEL ADVISIOR: DR. HUIPING GUO CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LOS ANGELES 1 DECEMBER 2006
Peer-to-Peer Architecture Peer-to-Peer Networks Related Work on Peer Discovery Suggested Peer Discovery Protocol Conclusion Outline
Peer-to-Peer Architecture • P2P are distributed systems without any centralized control or hierarchical organization. • Each peer is considered as a server and a client is called a servent. • P2P networks are self-organized and self-administrative.
Peer-to-Peer Architecture Peer-to-Peer Networks Type of P2P Advantages and Disadvantages of P2P JXTA and Gnutella Related Work on Peer Discovery Suggested Peer Discovery Protocol Conclusion Outline
Types of P2P Networks • Collaborative Computing: Combines the idle or unused CPU processing power and/or free disk space of many computer in the network • Grid MP Platform • Instant Messaging: • MSN Messenger • AOL Messenger. • Affinity Communities: Group of P2P networks that is based around file-sharing • Napster • Gnutella
Advantages of P2P • Distributes the responsibility of providing services • Prevents from a single point of failure • Improves scalability • Reduces network congestion
Disadvantages of P2P • Query flooding • Scalability • Security • Efficient group communication
Gnutella • A common P2P file sharing network • Purely a query flooding-based protocol • Works on five different packet types: • ping: discover hosts on network • pong: reply to ping • query: search for a file • query hit: reply to query • push: download request for firewalled servents • Query flooding is one of the problems with Gnutella
JXTA • Introduced by Sun Microsystems. • JXTA is a set of open, generalized P2P protocol specification, that allows any connected device, from cell phone and PDAs, to desktops and servers; to network, communicate, and collaborate in a fully decentralized manner. • Developed in Java and XML • JXTA protocols are language-independent, platform independent.
Peer-to-Peer Architecture Peer-to-Peer Networks Related Work on Peer Discovery Decentralized and Self-Organizing Instant Message Relaying Suggested Peer Discovery Protocol Conclusion Outline
Decentralized & Self Organizing Mechanism • Proposed by Moore and Suda. • A discovery mechanism that structures relationship and forwards discovery queries based on keyword similarity, usage history, and small-world clustering. • The peers in the networks are considered as agents that contain a limited number of relationships to the other agents.
Decentralized & Self Organizing Mechanism • The algorithm is divided into following sections • The definition of agents and their relationship • How the overall network of relationship are to be organized • How the relationship organization is used for discover forwarding • This peer discovery mechanism is limited to a small clustering.
Instant Message Relaying Mechanism • Proposed by Cuihong Li, Bin Yu, and Katia Sycara. • The peer discovery mechanism is developed based on sending messages to each other. • The source peer sends the query to some neighbors and promises some payment to each receiver. • Each receiver decides the number of neighbors she relays the message to. • Not feasible for an anonymous message relaying process. • Limited by the free-riding problem.
Outline • Peer-to-Peer Architecture • Peer-to-Peer Networks • Related Work on Peer Discovery • Suggested Peer Discovery Protocol • Semi-Centralized, Agent-based Hierarchical Model • Caching Mechanism • Evaluation of the Model • Update Mechanism • Failure Handling and Recovery • Performance • Conclusion
Suggested Peer Discovery Protocol • The thesis proposes a semi-centralized, agent-based hierarchical tree schema for peer discovery of JXTA. • The main proposal of the thesis is to use edge peers as hosts, rendezvous peers as agents, and group the edge peers based on their network proximity. • This type of structure would provide better scalability than a fully decentralized system.
Semi-Centralized, Agent-based Model • The components used to construct the framework are: • Registration Server (RS): Maintains a database about the IP address of all the agents at different levels of the hierarchy • Agents: Act as a service provider to hosts.
Determine the number of Agents and their threshold Determine the no. of agents and their threshold • Input: N[DNS] • Output: N[A], N[G] • N [P] = c % * N [DNS] where c is constant; 5 < c <10 • N [A] = p % * N [P] = p % * c% * N [DNS] where c is constant • N [G] = N [P] / N [A]; N [A] < N [G]
Determine the Host’s Agents and Grouping Mechanism Construction of Agent based Framework Input: RS, Ah[i], H[j] Output: join [H[j]; A1 [i]] 1: register [A1[i] for every i ; RS]; 2: query [H[j] for any j; RS]; 3: response [RS; H[j] for any j ]; 4: ping [H[j] for any j; A1 [i] for every i];
Determine the Host’s Agents and Grouping Mechanism 5: ST[k] ← Record time [H[j] for any j; A1 [i] for every i ] for k = 1,2.. N 6: compute T[i] = Σ ST[k] / n for every k = 1 7: compute = min [T[i] for every i]; 8: join [H[j]; A1 [i] with];
Caching Mechanism • A peer will ping all the agents of level 1 to discover its closest agent and computes the shortest time. • A peer host will also cache the IP address and ping times of a few agents having the shortest times. • The main advantage is that if a host leaves the network and tries to join again, it does not have to go through the query and ping message process again.
Evaluation of the Framework • The main contribution of this thesis is to provide a scalable model for peer discovery, while maintaining load balancing of the nodes and proximity feature of the grouping mechanism. • The model is very dynamic in nature once the framework is constructed. • The cost factor is involved with the maintenance of the agents. • The self-organization property of the P2P network is violated; hence the model is more like a hybrid P2P model.
Update Mechanism Peer join/leave mechanism Input: Host, Agents at level 1 Output: Join the group for every peer host { send_query_message (host [source] , RS [destination] ) send_response_message ( RS[source] , host [destination] ) send_ping_message ( host [source] , Agent_level_1(i) where i = 1,2,3,….[destination] ) compute sample ping times(host [source] , Agent_level_1(i) where i = 1,2,3,….[destination]) compute_average_time ( host [source] , Agent_level_1(i) where i = 1,2,3,….[destination] )
Update Mechanism compute min_average_time send_join_message ( host[source] , Agent_level_1 with min_average_time [destination] ) cache the IP addresses of few agents with the minimum ping times } Input: Host, Agent, quit message Output: leave the group Host sends a quit message to its agent The agent breaks the connection with the host The agent updates the database
Failure Handling and Recovery • In a hierarchical tree structure failure handling can be established by back up links. • Back up links are created with agents that have the second shortest ping time response. • The failure detection can be done using “KeepAlive messages”. • The host and agents, or two agents exchange “KeepAlive messages” to test network connectivity.
Performance of the Hierarchical Model • The performance of discovery process is mainly based on the number of routing connections. • Fewer connections have a quick discovery process and higher system performance. • The average service discovery speed v can be defined as v= r/d where r is the total number of requests d is the total number of connections • The complexity of the model is O(m) + O(log n) where m is the no. of agents at level 1 and n is total no. of nodes.
Conclusion • The thesis proposes a semi-centralized, agent-based hierarchical model for peer discovery of the JXTA network. • It would provide better efficiency and load balancing than a fully decentralized model.
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