Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower

1. Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower Stamen Carpel Stigma Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Ovule Sepal Section 24-1 • I. Carpel – female • a. Stigma – traps pollem • b. Style supports stigma; forms a • pollen tube • c. Ovary – becomes fruit • d. Ovule- becomes seeds • II. Stamen – male • a. Anther- produces pollen • b. Filament- supports anther • III. Petals – attract pollinators • IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

2. From flower to fruit Flowers, fruits and seeds…

3. III. Why are seedplants more successful that spore producing plants?

4. A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a fewcells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die. • B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

5. Name 5 Characteristics all Plants share • Eukaryotic • Cell Wall of Cellulose • All Multicellular • Autotrophs- Use Photosynthesis • Reproduce Sexually and Asexually

6. Floweringplants Cone-bearingplants Ferns andtheir relatives Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit Mosses andtheir relatives Seeds Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue Green algaeancestor Scientist believe all plants probably evolved from what common ancestor? Freshwater Multicellular Green Algae

7. What evidence suggests that all plants probbably evolved from a multicellular green algae? 1. Similar lifecycles (alternation of generations) 2. Cellulose in cell walls 3. Similar pigments; like chlorophyll 4. DNA evidence

8. What group of plants has NO Vascular tissues and relies on water for reproduction because it does not produce seeds? Bryophytes

9. What group of plants has has vascular tissue but still relies on water for reproduction because it does not produce seeds? Ferns and their relatives

10. This group of plants were the first to produce seeds allowing plants to live away from water sources. Gymnosperms

11. This group of plants is the most successful because of their ability to produce flowers and enclose their seeds within a fruit. Angiosperms

12. Plant Structures and Tissues

13. Floweringplants Cone-bearingplants Ferns andtheir relatives Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit Mosses andtheir relatives Seeds Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue Green algaeancestor Figure 22–6  A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Go to Section:

14. Figure 24–1 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte Section 24-1 Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N) Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

15. Basic Structures in Plants • A. Seed– embryo of a plant that is protected by a covering and surrounded by a food supply • 1. Can remain dormant for many years • 2. Environmentalfactors (temperature and moisture) end dormancy Seed coat Seed Embryo Wing Storedfood supply Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed Section 22-4 B A Go to Section:

16. 3. Many modifiedfor easy dispersal a. Light weight - can float in water and in the air b. Texturedseed coats that stick to animal fur c.“Winged” seeds – can “fly” long distances away from parent plant

17. d. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds to be dispersed e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of protective cones

18. Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root Vascular Tissues- system of “tubes” throughout a plant; two types – xylem and phloem Section 23-2 • 1. Xylem - transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant • 2. Phloem - transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

19. Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root Root hairs Phloem Xylem Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Root cap Roots – absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant, store food Section 23-2 Epidermis Ground tissue(cortex) VascularCylinder

20. Stems – supportsplant, contains vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves Section 23-1 Leaf Stem Root Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

21. Two types of growth occur in stems and roots • Primary – growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots at areas called apical meristem • Secondary – growth in the width of the plant. (tree rings)

22. Transpiration Section 23-5 A B Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

23. E. Leavescarry out photosynthesis and transpiration • Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf. “skin” • Cuticle – waxy covering over the epidermis that prevents the plant from drying out • Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO2 and O2

24. Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 Cuticle Veins Epidermis mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem mesophyll Epidermis Stomata Guardcells

25. 4. Stomata – openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to enter and leave 5. Guard cells – cells around the stomata that open and close the stomata

26. When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open. When they do not have water the stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve water when it is dry. Stomata are usually closed at night. (no sun = no photosynthesis)

27. Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 Cuticle Veins Epidermis mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem mesophyll Epidermis Stomata Guardcells

28. 23-4 Structure and Function of Leaves

29. F. Flowers – reproductive structures present only in Angiosperms. Pollination – occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!) Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower helping the plant reproduce. Many animal species are flower specific- they only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.

30. Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower Stamen Carpel Stigma Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Ovule Sepal Section 24-1 • I. Carpel – female • a. Stigma – traps pollen • b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg • c. Ovary – becomes fruit • d. Ovule- eggs that becomes seeds • II. Stamen – male • a. Anther- produces pollen • b. Filament- supports anther • c. pollen – carries sperm • III. Petals – attract pollinators • IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing