KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.

1. 19 KEY CONCEPTPlants can be classified into nine phyla.

2. Fig. 19-5 Figure 19-5Fossil evidence indicates that bryophytes are the oldest and angiosperms the youngest of the four major plant groups.

3. Nonvascular plants grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. Seedless plants rely on free-standing water for reproduction. Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses can be thallose or leafy 19 Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.

4. Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta. 19 • most common seedless nonvascular plants • sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”

5. Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta. 19 frond fiddlehead • whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns • ferns have large leaves called fronds

6. Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination 19 Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. • pollination occurs when pollen meets female plantparts • seeds nourish and protect plant embryo • seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

7. Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. 19 • most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen. • the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. • pollen is producedin male cones. • eggs are produced in female cones. • seeds develop on scales of female cones.

8. 19 • most common gymnosperms alive today • includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper • Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta.

9. Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. 19 • A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. • A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower. • Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.