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Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity. Socialization the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their _____ ________.. Personality a person's fairly consistent _______ of acting, thinking, and feeling.. Human Development: Nature and Nurture. Sociobiology the role of natureElements of society have a _________ rootBehaviorism - the role of nurtureMost of who and what we are as a species is ______, or social in nature.
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1. Chapter Three Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
2. Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Socialization – the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their _____ ________.
3. Human Development: Nature and Nurture Sociobiology – the role of nature
Elements of society have a _________ root
Behaviorism - the role of nurture
Most of who and what we are as a species is ______, or social in nature
4. Human Development: Nature and Nurture Charles Darwin’s study of _______ led to the “nature” argument.
_____ that enhance survival emerge as a species “nature.”
5. Human Development: Nature and Nurture John Watson developed a theory called behaviorism.
Behavior is not ________, but _______.
6. Social Isolation Harry and Margaret Harlow discovered that infant monkeys left in isolation suffered _______ and ________ damage.
Six months of complete _____ was enough to lead to permanent developmental damage.
7. Three children, Anna, Isabelle, and Genie were left in isolation and suffered ________ ___________ _________.
Social experience performs a crucial role in forming personality.
Without social experience, a child is incapable of ______ or meaningful _____
8. Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud believed that ______ plays a major role in human development.
9. Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud Our _____ ______ or needs as humans are reflected in the concept of id
The ego is the element of the personality representing the demands of society, balancing innate pleasure-seeking drives.
Culture, in the form of the superego, represses selfish demands and demands that individuals become less ___-_______.
10. Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Jean Piaget studied human cognition, how people think and understand.
Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development:
(1) The Sensorimotor Stage.
(2) The Preoperational Stage.
(3) The ______ __________ Stage.
(4) The Formal Operational Stage.
11. Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Stages of development
Sensorimotor stage
Sensory contact understanding
Preoperational stage
Use of language and other symbols
Concrete operational stage
Perception of ______ _________ in surroundings
Formal operational stage
Abstract, critical thinking
12. Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Kohlberg studied moral reasoning, the ways individuals judge situations as _____ or _____.
Young children experience the world in terms of ____and ________.
13. Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Teens lose their sense of selfishness as they align themselves with broader ______ _____.
Lastly, individuals begin to think about ethical principles beyond ________ norms.
14. Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Pre-Conventional
1. Obedience & punishment orientation
2. Self-interest orientation
Conventional
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity
4. Authority and social-order orientation
Post-Conventional
5. Social contract orientation
6. ________ ________ principles
15. Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan Gilligan compared the moral development of _____and ____.
The two sexes use different standards of _________.
16. Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan Boys have a _______ perspective, relying on formal rules.
Girls have a ____ and __________ perspective, relying on personal relationships.
17. Mead believed social behaviorism explains how _____ ________ creates personality.
Mead’s central concept is the self – the part of the individual’s personality composed of ____-_________ and self-image.
The origin of the self is in social experience. Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead
18. Building on the Social Experience Recognizing the ________ other:
Widespread norms & ______ people take as their own
19. Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley Cooley used the term the looking-glass self – a self-image based on how we think others see us.
Others represent a mirror in which we can see _________.
What we think of ourselves depends on what we think ______ think of us.
20. Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson Erikson felt we face eight _________ throughout the life course.
Success at one stage prepares us for meeting the next.
He assumes all people meet these challenges at exactly the order presented, in ________ ______.
21. Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson – 8 Stages Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
_______ vs. _________
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
22. Agents of Socialization The family has the _______ ______ on socialization.
23. Agents of Socialization Racial Identity
Social Class Position
24. Agents of Socialization Schooling enlarges children’s social world’s to include people with ________ ___________.
25. Agents of Socialization Peer groups – ______ groups whose members have interests, social positions, and ___ in _______.
26. Agents of Socialization Mass media – ________ communications aimed at a ____ audience.
27. Agents of Socialization Violence and television
1996: American Medical Association stated _______ on television and films are hard to health
1997: Television rating system adopted
28. Learning continues throughout our lives. Socialization and the Life Course
29. Adolescence is often a period of _____ and _________ turmoil. Socialization and the Life Course
30. Adulthood is characterized by early goal setting and _____ ________. Socialization and the Life Course
31. Old age begins in the ___-______ in the United States.
Socialization and the Life Course
33. Death & Dying – 5 Stages Denial
______
Negotiation
34. Life Course – Patterns and Variations
35. Resocialization: Total Institutions Two million people experience being confined in ______ or mental hospitals.
36. Resocialization: Total Institutions Total institution – a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff.
