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METALS 1

METALS 1. HOW TO SOLDER. SOLDERING. COPPER EASIEST TO WORK NICKEL ALLOY OF COPPER, NICKEL & ZINC BRONZE ALLOY OF COPPER & TIN BRASS ALLOY OF COPPER & ZINC STERLING SILVER FINE SILVER & COPPER. ALLOY : ANY METAL COMPRISED OF 2 OR MORE OTHER METALS TO MAKE A NEW METAL

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METALS 1

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  1. METALS 1 HOW TO SOLDER

  2. SOLDERING • COPPER EASIEST TO WORK • NICKEL ALLOY OF COPPER, NICKEL & ZINC • BRONZE ALLOY OF COPPER & TIN • BRASS ALLOY OF COPPER & ZINC • STERLING SILVER FINE SILVER & COPPER ALLOY: ANY METAL COMPRISED OF 2 OR MORE OTHER METALS TO MAKE A NEW METAL SOLDER: AN ALLOY OF SILVER, COPPER & ZINC – HAS A LOWER MELTING TEMP. THAN THE METAL YOU ARE USING. PICKLE: MILD ACID SOLUTION USED TO CLEAN METAL OF SCALE, EXIDES AND FLUX.

  3. SOLDERING • ALWAYS USE A MINIMAL AMOUNT OF SOLDER; IT’S EASIER TO ADD MORE IF NEEDED THAN TO REMOVE EXCESS WHAT HAPPENS DURING SOLDERING? • METAL IS COMPRISED OF CRYSTALS, WHEN HEATED, CRYSTALS MOVE APART CREATING MICROSCOPIC GAPS. SOLDER FLOWS INTO THE GAPS BETWEEN THE CRYSTALS AND FLOODS THE SPACES; FORMS A BOND AS THE 2 METALS CONTRACT.

  4. SOLDERING WHAT IS FLUX? • A PASTE USED TO COVER METALS DURING HEATING TO FORM A PROTECTIVECOAT AGAINST OXYGEN. • WHEN HEATING METAL, OXIDES FORM (DIRT), FLUX PROTECTS THE METAL FROM OXIDES ALLOWING SOLDER TO FLOW. • SOLDER WILL NOT FLOW ON DIRTY METAL • PROLONGED HIGH HEAT BREAKS DOWN THE FLUX SO IT NO LONGER ABSORBS THE OXIDES=EXHAUSTING THE FLUX.

  5. SOLDERING 3 BASIC SOLDER JOINS: • BUTT: TWO ENDS OR EDGES COME TOGETHER SQUARELY • PERPENDICULAR: ONE PIECE OF METAL STANDING UPRIGHT • ON TOP OF THE OTHER. • SWEAT: ONE PIECE OF METAL LAYING ON TOP OF THE OTHER.

  6. SOLDERING • CHECKLIST FOR SUCCESSFUL SOLDERING: • CLEAN SURFACES (NO GREASE, OXIDES, ETC.) • CAREFUL FLUXING-SOLDER FLOWS WHERE THERE IS FLUX • RIGHT AMOUNT, PLACEMENT AND TYPE OF SOLDER • CAREFUL AND QUICK PREHEATING • EVEN HEAT OVER THE ENTIRE SURFACE • ENOUGH HEAT TO CAUSE COMPLETE SOLDER FLOW • CORRECT PICKLING

  7. SOLDERING • 3 STAGES OF A SOLDERING CYCLE: • PREHEAT: HEATING THE WHOLE WORK; BEGIN BY MOVING THE TORCH IN A CIRCULAR MOTION AT A UNIFORM SPEED TO SMALLER CIRCLES AROUND THE JOIN. • LOCALIZED HEAT: CONCENTRATE FLAME ON THE JOIN AND SOLDER, MOVING SOMEWHAT. AS SOON AS SOLDER FLOWS LEAD IT ALONG SEAM WITH THE FLAME (SOLDER WILL FLOW IN THE DIRECTION OF HEAT) • HEAT WITHDRAW: AFTER SOLDER FILLS THE JOIN, WITHDRAW HEAT OR SOLDER WILL BOIL RESULTING IN WEAK JOINS AND PITTED METAL.

  8. SOLDERING • WHAT SHOULD FLUX LOOK LIKE DURING SOLDERING? 1 – FIRST, FLUX BECOMES WHITE 2 – THEN TRANSLUCENT, SHINY; THIS IS WHEN IT IS PROTECTING THE METAL FROM OXIDES-IT BLOCKS AIR CONTACT WITH THE METAL. THIS INDICATES THAT THE MELTING POINT OF THE SOLDER IS APPROACHING-ACCELERATE THE HEATING BEFORE THE FLUX EXHAUSTS OR SOLDER WILL NOT FLOW.

  9. SOLDERING BASIC METALSMITHING TERMINOLOGY: • MALLEABILITY - (LATIN-MALLEARE=TO HAMMER); ABILITY OF A METAL TO BE EXTENDED OR SHAPED BY BEING BEATEN OR ROLLED IN ALL DIRECTIONS WITHOUT BREAKING OR CRACKING. GOLD IS THE MOST MALLEABLE, SILVER IS THE NEXT. • TENSILE STRENGTH – TENACITY IS THE MEASURE OF THE GREATEST LONGITUDINAL STRESS A METAL CAN TAKE WITHOUT BREAKING. A METAL’S ABILITY TO RESIST ELONGATION IS CALLED ITS TENSILE STRENGTH. • COMPRESSION – IS THE OPPOSITE OF TENSION. IT REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF A METAL TO BE SQUEEZED OR REDUCED IN VOLUME AND ITS RESISTANCE TO CRACKING OR BUCKLING.

  10. SOLDERING • SHEAR STRENGTH – SHEAR REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF METAL TO RESIST THE ACTION OF HAND OR BENCH SHEARS. SHEAR, TENSION AND COMPRESSION ARE THE 3 BASIC STRESSES THAT DESCRIBE THE STRENGTH OF METAL. • ELASTICITY – A METALS RECOVERY TO NORMAL SIZE AND SHAPE AFTER BEING SUBJECTED TO FORCES OF COMPRESSION, BENDING OR STRETCHING. • BRITTLENESS – THE CHARACTERISTIC IN METAL OF BEING EASILY FRACTURED OR SNAPPED WITHOUT WARNING DEFORMATION. • IMPACT RESISTANCE – A METAL’S RESISTANCE TO SUDDEN SHOCK, SUCH AS HAMMER BLOWS. • RIGIDITY – THE OPPOSITE OF MALLEABILITY; THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SHOWING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE OF FORM.

  11. SOLDERING • ANNEALING – SOFTEN WORK HARDENED METAL THROUGH HEATING • WORK HARDENED - METAL CONSISTS OF NUMEROUS SMALL CRYSTALS PACKED TOGETHER, MAKING METAL POLYCRYSTALLINE, WHEN SUBJECT TO FORCE, CRYSTALS EVENTUALLY FLATTEN AND BECOME INDISTINGUISHABLE, MAKING THE METAL WORK HARDENED.

  12. YOUR SKETCHBOOK • YOUR SKETCHBOOK IS ESSENTIAL TO THIS CLASS AND SHOULD INCLUDE: • ALL WORKING DRAWINGS FOR EACH ASSIGNMENT • ALL NOTES (AND HANDOUTS) TAKEN DURING LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS • RETAIN ALL YOUR WORK –YOU WILL RECEIVE A FINAL GRADE BASED ON THE ABOVE SKETCHBOOK CRITERIA

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