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Evolution of Nervous Systems: A Conceptual Exploration

Delve into Kandel (2000) and Swason's (2008) articles on the localization of mental functions and the interconnection between structure and function in nervous systems. Learn about historical findings and the evolutionary perspective on cognitive operations and personality traits. Explore sensory and motor neuron development, evolutionary stages, and prenatal brain differentiation. Discover how biological structures enhance stimulus sensitivity and response times.

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Evolution of Nervous Systems: A Conceptual Exploration

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  1. Conceptual exploration of the Kandel, E. R. (2000) and Swason (2008) articles Takashi Yamauchi Texas A&M University

  2. Kandel 2000 • Main messages • Localization of mental functions • Elementary operations of cognitive functions are localized in the brain. • Affective traits and personality are also localized.

  3. Evidence: • Historical findings • Ramon y Cajal • Frantz Joseph Gall • Pierre Paul Broca • Karl Wernickie

  4. Swason (2009) • Basic characteristic • Interconnection between structure and function • Evolutionary perspective • Simple organisms that do not have a nervous system

  5. First multicellular animals (akin to modern-day sponges) • No nervous system • can’t move, but have smooth muscle cells. • These cells (independent effectors) react directly to environmental chemicals. • 3min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o&feature=fvsr • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3AdWGElTFw

  6. The first animal with a nervous system. • Jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydra • they can move (the first accomplishment of the nervous system appears to be locomotion). • 1min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTXinF8ZVCo

  7. Sensory neurons & Motor neurons • the cells facing the external environment became specialized to detect stimuli. • Increased stimulus sensitivity • Faster responses • Some localization (sensory neurons responding to different stimulus modalities can be distributed in different body regions.

  8. Fig. 2.3 A: no nervous system. React directly to environmental stimuli (e.g., sponges) B: sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals directly to effector cells (e.g., muscle). They are sensorimotor neurons. C: sensory neurons send signals to motor neurons, which send signals to effector cells.

  9. interneurons Fig. 2.5 • Bilateral symmetry • centralization • the division of the nervous system such as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system • cephalization • the concentration of nervous tissues – head

  10. interneurons • Create convergence and divergence of information processing • Excitatory and inhibitory signals.

  11. vertebrates • Animals that have backbones • Originated 520 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion (Wikipedia) • The early stage of embryogenesis is basically the same in all vertebrates. • Differentiation of the CNS and heart appear first • Prenatal brain development • 2:19 min; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ • 5:29 min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMDPP-Wy3sI&feature=related

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