Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise, Empire, and Downfall

1. Napoleon Bonaparte Documentary https://youtu.be/H_V9anUnWJc 43 minutes

2. Objectives: • Understand Napoleon’s rise to power and why the French strongly supported him. • Explain how Napoleon built an empire and what challenges the empire faced. • Analyze the events that led to Napoleon’s downfall. • Outline how the Congress of Vienna tried to create a lasting peace. Chapter 6: The French Revolution & NapoleonSection 4 - The Age of Napoleon Explain Napoleon’s rise to power in Europe, his subsequent defeat, and how the outcome still affects Europe today.

3. plebiscite –a popular vote by ballot Napoleonic Code –the code of laws created under Napoleon that embodied enlightenment principles of equality, tolerance, and freedom annex –add territory to an existing state, country, or empire Continental System –a form of economic warfare that closed European ports to British goods; the foreign policy in which Europe adopted Napoleon’s reforms guerrilla warfare –a form of warfare using hit-and-run raids scorched-earth policy – when the movement of an army includes burning crops and villages to make it difficult for the enemy to follow abdicate –step down from power Congress of Vienna–a meeting of heads of state within Europe after Waterloo to restore stability and order in Europe legitimacy –principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored Concert of Europe –a system in which the powers of Europe met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe Terms and People

4. Napoleon Bonaparte was a military hero who rose quickly through the army. He favored republican rule and the Jacobins.

5. When Napoleon helped create the Consulate, he became First Consul. • In 1802, Napoleon became consul for life. • Two years later, he crowned himself Emperor of the French. • At each step, Napoleon had held a plebiscite (an election) and been strongly supported by the French people.

6. Napoleon restored order and prosperity and strengthenedthe central government. He: His policies gained him support among all social classes. He: • Made peace with the Church • Encouraged émigrés to return • Recognized peasants’ right to lands they had gained • Opened jobs to all based on talent • Controlled prices • Encouraged industry • Built roads and canals • Set up public schools

7. The code embodied Enlightenment principles. But women lost most of their rights of citizenship. His most lasting reform was a new code of laws known as the Napoleonic Code. Napoleonic Code • Equality of all male citizens before the law • Religious toleration • Abolition of feudalism

8. Franceannexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany. Napoleon cut Prussian territory in half and abolished the Holy Roman Empire. He placed his own relatives on some European thrones. From 1804 to 1812, Napoleon successfully battled most of Europe and created an empire.

9. The British navy smashed the French fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, ending Napoleon’s plans to invade Britain. Napoleon then imposed the Continental Systemto close European ports to British goods. The blockades created some hardships but Britain was able to maintain its trade routes in India and the Americas. In Spain, people resisted reforms that undermined the king and the Catholic Church. Nationalism in occupied countries created revolts and patriotic resistance through guerrilla warfare. Britain was the only major European power to remain outside of Napoleon’s empire. Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of the French Revolution saw Napoleon and his army as oppressors.

10. Napoleon’s disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 was a turning pointin the Napoleonic Wars. The tsar initially supported Napoleon but ended up withdrawing from the Continental System. When Napoleon attacked, the retreating Russian army used a scorched-earth policy that made it impossible for Napoleon’s army to survive on what they left. Faced with the brutal Russian winter, Napoleon retreated, losing most of his army. Russia, Britain, Prussia, and Austria formed an alliance against France.

12. In 1813, the newly created alliance defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations. Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and Louis XVIII (18th) was recognized as king of France. But Napoleon returned to France in triumph after Louis XVIII’s return rekindled fears of the old regime.

13. On June 18, 1815, British and Prussian forces dealt him a crushing blow at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium Napoleon was forced to abdicate a second and final time. The final defeat and exile of Napoleon ended the period of the French Revolution. Napoleon’s return to power lasted only 100 days.

14. Cartoon from 1814 showing Napoleon seated backwards on a donkey, on his way to exile on Elba

15. Napoleon’s legacy affected not only France, but the rest of Europe and the Americas.

16. After the Battle of Waterloo, diplomats and heads of state at the Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe. Their chief goal was to create a lasting peace while preserving the old order. They wanted to: • Create a balance of power • Protect the system of monarchy • Prevent French expansion

17. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Britain formed the Quadruple Allianceto protect the new order. They pledged to act together to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings. The architects of peace promoted the principle of legitimacy and restored monarchies in nations throughout Europe.

18. The Vienna statesmen created a general European peace that lasted for 100 years. However, they did not foresee how nationalism would shake the foundations of Europe and Latin America in the next decades. The creation of the Concert of Europe enabled the powers to meet periodically to address any new problems affecting the peace of Europe.

19. Explain Napoleon’s rise to power in Europe, his subsequent defeat, and how the outcome still affects Europe today. Napoleon rose to power in the midst of near-chaos in France. His successes on the battlefield along with his strong governmental control encouraged a French nationalism that brought Europe to its knees. Napoleon’s laws were spread throughout Europe during the expansion and remain important in many countries today.

20. Romanticism vs. Realism Directions: Use your Photo Analysis Worksheet

23. Jacques-Louis David 1801, Oil on canvas