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Nomenclature_and_5_Kingdom_Classification

class 9 biology

govinda3
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Nomenclature_and_5_Kingdom_Classification

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  1. Classification of living beings Govinda Sunar

  2. What is Nomenclature? • Nomenclature is the system of naming organisms scientifically. • Provides a unique and universal name to each species. • Avoids confusion caused by common/local names.

  3. Binomial Nomenclature • Proposed by Carl Linnaeus. • Two-part name: Genus (capitalized) + species (lowercase). • Example: Homo sapiens (humans), Mangifera indica (mango).

  4. Genus and Species in Biological Classification • These are the two most specific ranks in the taxonomical hierarchy and are used in binomial nomenclature (the scientific naming of organisms). Genus Definition: A genus is a group of closely related species that share common characteristics. It acts as the first part of a scientific name and is always capitalized. A genus can include one species (monotypic) or many species (polytypic). Examples:Homo – Genus that includes humans (Homo sapiens). Panthera – Includes Panthera leo (lion), Panthera tigris (tiger). Canis – Includes Canis lupus (wolf), Canis familiaris (dog).

  5. Species Definition: Species is the basic unit of classification. It is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. It forms the second part of the scientific name and is written in lowercase. Species are genetically similar and occupy the same ecological niche. Examples: sapiens – Species name in Homo sapiens. tigris – Species name in Panthera tigris. indica – Species name in Mangifera indica (mango).

  6. Rules of Nomenclature • Names should be in Latin or Latinized. • Genus name capitalized; species name lowercase. • Italicized when typed or underlined when handwritten. • Governed by international codes (ICZN, ICBN).

  7. Taxonomical Hierarchy • Taxonomical hierarchy is the system of arranging various organisms in a ranked series of categories from broadest to most specific. • This hierarchical structure helps in identifying, naming, and classifying organisms based on their shared characteristics.

  8. Five Kingdom Classification • Proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969. • Based on cell type, body organization, nutrition, reproduction, and ecological roles.

  9. Kingdom Monera • Cell Type: Prokaryotic • Unicellular organisms • Cell wall present (peptidoglycan) • Nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic • Examples: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

  10. Kingdom Protista • Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Mostly unicellular • Nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic • Locomotion with cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia • Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

  11. KINGDOM PROTISTA • These organisms are placed here more because of What They Are Not than What They Are.  • Kingdom Protista contains all eukaryotes that are NOT Plants, Animal, or Fungi, more than 50,000 species in all. Kingdom Protista includes unicellular and a few simple multicellular EUKARYOTES. • Eukaryotic cells have nuclei and organelles that are surrounded by membranes. • The cells of multicellular protists are not specialized to perform specific functions in the organisms. • Includes Euglena and Amoeba. Amoeba Euglena

  12. Kingdom Fungi • Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Mostly multicellular (yeast is unicellular) • Cell wall made of chitin • Nutrition: Heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic) • Examples: Yeast, Rhizopus, Mushrooms

  13. Kingdom Plantae • Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Multicellular organisms • Cell wall made of cellulose • Nutrition: Autotrophic (photosynthesis) • Examples: Mosses, Ferns, Angiosperms

  14. Kingdom Animalia • Cell Type: Eukaryotic • Multicellular organisms • No cell wall • Nutrition: Heterotrophic • Examples: Insects, Fish, Birds, Humans

  15. Summary: Five Kingdoms • Monera: Prokaryotic, unicellular, bacteria • Protista: Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, protozoans • Fungi: Eukaryotic, multicellular, chitin cell wall • Plantae: Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophs • Animalia: Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs

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