Understanding Invertebrates and Vertebrates: The Backbone of Animal Biology

1. Invertebrates • 95-99% of animal species • Animals without a backbone • Many have exoskeleton : -hard or tough outer covering that provides a framework of support -protect soft tissues -prevent water loss -provides protections from predators -is shed as the animal grows

3. Endoskeletons • Some invertebrates have internal skeletons, called endoskeletons (sea urchins, sea stars) • If an animal has an endoskeleton and a backbone, it is called a vertebrate. • Endoskeleton grows with the animal • Protects internal organs, provides support for the body, and can provide a place for muscles to attach on.

4. Endoskeleton

5. Vertebrates • Include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals • Have vertebral column or spinal column • Functions as a strong, flexible rod that muscles can pull against during swimming and running. • Bones enable forceful contraction of muscles, improving the strength of an animal.

6. Skeletal System: Bones (206) Functions: • movement [bones + muscles  movement • shape – framework – support: gives your body shape • produces blood cells • protects internal organs [skullbrain; ribs heart, lung] • stores minerals  calcium SPELLS: M SS PP : MISSISSIPPI

7. Blood Cell Production • Bone marrow: produces the blood cells 2 Kinds: -yellow marrow  stores fats -red marrow  produces blood cells

8. Protects internal organs • skull  protects the brain • rib cage  vital organs: heart, lungs • vertebreae  spinal cord

9. Stores Minerals • Calcium: • needed by your bones [skeletal system] • needed by muscles [muscular system] • needed by nerves [nervous system]

10. Bone Development • Most bones develop from cartilage -softer, more flexible than bone tissue • Except the bones of the skull come from membranes

11. Appendicular Skeleton • arm/legs and hands/feet that are attached to these [appendages: arms & legs]

12. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

13. Axial Skeleton • head [skull] • chest [thoracic area] • back • pelvis

14. Bones of the Axial Skeleton

15. Osteoporosis • is a disease – loss of bone mass • brittle, thin bones that break easily, especially in neck & femur & spine • effects females • Estrogen helps to maintain bone mass • problems after menopause (loss of estrogen production)

16. Osteoporosis contd. • other factors that may contribute to problems: • diet poor in calcium & protein • lack of Vitamin D • smoking • exercise insufficient to stress (need weight-bearing)

17. Osteoporosis

18. Gout “Gouty Arthrisis” • due to accumulation of uric acid [normal waste product of protein metabolism] • accumulate in blood and deposits crystals in soft tissue • usually big toe • affects more males after age 30 • possibly genetic

19. Gout Treatment • diet • drugs • lose weight

20. Rickets • bones fail to calcify • bones soften & bow under weight (legs) • due to lack of calcium (and/or Vitamin D that is needed to absorb Calcium into blood)