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Explosive Hazards

Explosive Hazards. Blast Pressure (Overpressure). Detonation can exert pressures of up to 700 tons per square inch on the atmosphere = 13,000 mph Pressure level for a typical shock wave Eardrum failure Threshold 5 psi 50% 15 - 20 psi Lung damage Threshold 10 - 12 psi Lethality

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Explosive Hazards

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  1. Explosive Hazards

  2. Blast Pressure (Overpressure) • Detonation can exert pressures of up to 700 tons per square inch on the atmosphere = 13,000 mph Pressure level for a typical shock wave • Eardrum failure Threshold 5 psi 50% 15 - 20 psi • Lung damage Threshold 10 - 12 psi • Lethality Threshold 30 - 42 psi 50 42 - 57 psi Near 100% 57 - 80 psi

  3. Overpressure

  4. Incendiary or Thermal • Radiant heat (the bright flash) - usually only lasts a fraction of a second with temperatures exceeding 10,000 degrees • Radiation - (nuclear) only found if nuclear reaction is present in a bomb

  5. If you can see the bomb, you are too close! Fragmentation • Average bomb fragment will reach 2700 feet per second (fps) • Secondary fragmentation energized from the blast or caused by the blast Debris Broken Glass Rocks

  6. Secondary Hazards • BE AWARE OF HAZARDS • Diminished structural integrity • Broken gas/sewer lines • Down electrical lines • Trip hazards • Smoke • Fire • Heat

  7. Explosives Recognition Types of explosives • Commercial explosives • Military explosives • Improvised explosive devices • Weapons of mass destruction

  8. Blasting Caps Dynamite Detonation Cord Cast Boosters Shape Charges ANFO Slurry Powders Commercial Explosives

  9. Military Explosives • Blasting Caps • Dynamite • TNT • Detonation Cord • Deta Sheet • Composition C4 • Military Ordinance

  10. Nuclear (WMD) • Explosive device designed to maximize nuclear yield event • Very small chance of being used but huge consequence • Too expensive • Difficult to assemble and deploy • Unstable governments • Dirty Bomb • Small dose of radiation • Cleanup becomes the major concern • More of a fear/panic factor than immediate health risk

  11. Biological (WMD) • Includes any living or nonliving virus, microorganism or bio-active substance that is produced by a microorganism and has a deliverable system. • Can be dispersed to create fear and panic • Unlikely as a bomb • Heat of explosion will destroy biological toxins. Smallpox

  12. Biological Agents • Anthrax(Bacillus anthracis) • Botulism(Clostridum botulinum toxin) • Cholera(Vibrio cholerae) • Q-fever(Coriella burnetii) • Plague(Yersinia pestis) • Ricin toxin(Ricinus communis) • Salmonella(Salmonellosis) • Smallpox(Variola major) • Tuleremia(Francisella tularensis)

  13. Chemical (WMD) • Nerve, Blister, Choking agents • Chemical agents designed to kill, cause serious injury, incapacitate or used for area denial • Usually spread by dispersion devices • Can be manufactured from household chemicals • Chlorine • Ammonia • Pesticides • Mass quantities are often needed

  14. What Does a Bomb Look Like ?

  15. How many of you pictured these?

  16. Improvised Explosive Devices • There is no such thing as a textbook bomb • Anything could be a bomb • Limited to the imagination and technical expertise of the builder

  17. Chemical Bomb

  18. Responsibilities of the first Responder • Respond for report • Time, distance, shielding • Radio’s, pagers, cellular phones • Use items accordingly on scene • Turn off or leave behind if approaching device • Assess the threat • Suspicious vs. Suspected • Interviews • Prior incidents? • High profile target? • Separate witnesses • Evacuation • Your decision vs. owner/manager decision • Notify the Bomb Squad • Scene security / perimeter

  19. Bomb Threats Phone Letter Note • Credible / Specific threat? Time communicated? • Does the location have a search procedure and have they completed it? • Has a suspicious package or suspected device been found? • BOMB TECHNICIANS DO NOT SEARCH! • Law enforcement cannot mandate an evacuation unless a suspected package is located

  20. Suspicious Package(s) Purses Backpacks Briefcases Fed-ex Shopping bags Boxes • NO ASSOCIATED THREAT • Respond for the report • You do not have the right to mandate an evacuation • DO NOT TOUCH OR MOVE THE ITEM • Assess the threat level • Attempt to contact an owner if possible Return address, initials, possibly known • Utilize K-9 if available • Can the item be secured with minimal interruption? • If an approach is needed, be sure and get all information on one approach • GO BY YOURSELF • Consider having EMS/Fire at the location • If an owner cannot be found, consider the package a suspected device

  21. Suspected Device • Threat of specific device in area / building • Evacuate area, minimum of 300ft in all directions • Secure scene • DO NOT TOUCH, SHOW YOUR FRIENDS, OR STAFF • Do not place anything on top, around or near item • Notify the Bomb Squad • Establish incident command • Have fire and EMS on standby • Have witnesses available for bomb technicians

  22. DO NOT TOUCH OR SHOW ANYONEFOR ANY REASON!

  23. Bomb Squad Activation • Request the Bomb Squad through your supervisor • Supervisor will notify dispatch • Dispatch notifies the Bomb Commander • Bomb Technicians are notified for response

  24. Bomb Squad Responsibilities • Respond to Command Post • Conduct interviews/interrogation (if applicable) • Assume command of inner perimeter • Bomb Technicians will make all decisions on life vs. property • Bomb Technicians have full authority of how the item will be rendered safe • Bomb Technicians will revert into an advisory role if decisions on handling procedures are compromised • Bomb Technicians will collect or assist in the collection of evidence • Bomb Technicians will submit supplemental reports on all activities/actions • Bomb Technicians CANNOT AND WILL NOT make a decision to reoccupy • Bomb Technicians will assist in follow-up investigations if requested

  25. Post Blast Response • Maintain awareness for secondary devices/hazards • Lifesaving procedures at the scene always comes first • Secure the scene • Establish perimeter (start large) • Protect the evidence • Control ingress and egress • Notify the Bomb Squad for post blast investigation • Have witnesses available for bomb technicians

  26. Post Blast • Bomb Technicians should be notified on all post blast incidents • Bomb Technicians are the only personnel trained in processing and collection of post blast scenes • Bomb Squad response may not be required • Major incident • Large vehicle bomb • Extensive property damage • Serious injury or death involved • Weapons of mass destruction

  27. Current Trends / Activity • Pipe bombs - PVC, galvanized, misc. • Dry ice • Chemical • Sparkler bombs • Hoax devices-bank robberies • Abandoned mines/explosives • Homemade fireworks

  28. Additional Resources • Additional bomb squads and equipment • Adams/Jeffco Hazmat Team • State chemist • Civil Support Team • FBI / ATFE • Ft. Carson EOD • K-9 • Explosive scientists/specialists

  29. Questions?

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