Competency 6

1. Competency 6 Demonstrate and understand of principals that explain the diversity of life and biological evolution

2. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular (single cell) • prokaryotic- cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles • Circular DNA floating in cytoplasm • have a cell wall made of polysaccharides • Heterotrophic, autotrophic, chemotrophic • Reproduce by binary fission or conjugation • found in harsh environments

3. Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria

4. Kingdom Eubacteria Characteristics • Unicellular (Single cell) • prokaryotic- cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles • Circular DNA floating in the cytoplasm • have a cell wall made of polysaccharides • may be either heterotrophic or autotrophic (make their own food) • reproduce by binary fission or conjugation

5. Live in more habitable environments Eubacteria - “True” bacteria

6. Kingdom Fungi • Most are multicellular- more than one cell • Eukaryotic • All have cell walls made of chitin, a complex carbohydrate. • Heterotrophic • Decomposers- specifically, they obtain energy by feeding off dead or decaying organic matter.

7. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • eukaryotic • have cell walls made of cellulose • Autotrophic – perform photosynthesis

8. Plants 2 groups • Nonvascular- lack of conducting cells (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) • Vascular (common plants like pines, ferns, corn, and oaks) Have specialized transporting cells • Xylem (for transporting water • and mineral nutrients) • Phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant)

9. Two types of Vascular Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Gymnosperms- seeds are not protected by fruit EX: Conifers- plants with seeds inside cones and needle –like leaves ( Pine Tree)

10. Angiosperms • Flowering plants, seeds protected by fruit • Two Types of Angiosperms a. Monocot – leaves have parallel veins EX: Corn and Grass b. Dicot- leaves are netlike EX: roses, apple tree, sunflowers

11. Parts of a Flower

12. Kingdom Protista • The most diverse kingdom • unicellular • eukaryotic • may be autotrophic or heterotrophic • Examples: Amoeba, Euglena, and Paramecium

13. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular- made of more than one cell • Eukaryotic- cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Cells lack cell walls • Heterotrophic- are consumers…they get their energy from another food source.

14. Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates Cnidarians Mammals Flatworms Fish True worms Reptiles Molluscs Amphibians Echinoderms Birds Arthropods

15. Animals - Invertebrates • Phylum Proifera • Sponges, primitive filter feeders • Phylum Cnidaria • Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones • Phylum Mollusca • Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams • Gastropods – snails, slugs • Cephalopods – squids, octopi • Phylum Echinodermata • Sea urchins and sea stars • Phylum Arthropoda • Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and more

16. Animals - Vertebrates • Phylum Chordata: 50,000 vertebrates • 2 groups • Jawless forms (Class Agnatha) hagfish, lamprey • Jawed forms – most of the animals we know

17. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Condrichthyes- cartilage fish www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm

18. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Osteichthyes- bony fish www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm

19. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Amphibia- double life www.natureserve.org

20. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Reptilia www.natureserve.org

21. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Aves- birds --- www.natureserve.org

22. Animals – Vertebrate Classes Mammalia www.natureserve.org

23. Major levels in the hierarchy of taxa • Father of Taxonomy- Carolus Linnaeus • Developed a two name system called • Binomial nomenclature • System of classifying organisms • based on organism’s form and • structure

24. Scientific Names • Taxonomy science of naming and classifying organisms • Are universal • Two latin words in italics • First word is genus- capitalized • Second word is species- lowercase

25. Example Scientific Name - Quercusrubra Quercus is the genus Genus taxonomic category are similar species rubra is the species Species is the most specific biological unit Common Name – Red Oak

26. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya • Linnaeus ranked species into ever more inclusive categories (like a postal address) • Groups share certain traits • Groups do not necessarily reflect evolutionary relationships

27. Taxonomic Diagrams Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards andSnakes Crocodiles Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds PhylogeneticTree Cladogram

28. A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of living things. It is like a family tree for species. • The closer two species are on the cladogram, the more closely they are related. This means they evolved apart more recently. •Sometimes a cladogram will also list the characteristics that make two groups or organisms differentcalled derived characters.

30. Patterns of Organization Symmetry- body arrangement in which parts that lie on opposite sides of an axis are identical. Three different types of symmetry:1. Asymmetrical2. Radial symmetry3. Bilateral symmetry Feather duster worms

31. Asymmetrical animals –do not display symmetry sponge Radial Symmetry- the parts are organized in a circle around the axis Sea anemone

32. Bilateral Symmetry – the body parts can be divided equally thru the center into left and right halves

33. Methods of sexual reproduction • Purpose of Reproduction-To make sure a species can continue. • Definition: Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces others of its same kind. • Requires two sex cells – egg and sperm • The egg and sperm join to form a zygote • Different from the parent organism

34. Budding • Process by which a new, duplicate plant or animal begins to form at the side of the parent and enlarges until an individual is created. • Very common in plants and sponges

35. Regeneration • The ability to restore lost or damaged tissues, organs or limbs. • It is a common feature in invertebrates, like worms and starfish.

36. Fission • Also called binary fission. • Becoming two by division of the complete organism. • A type of cell division.

37. Francisco Redi (1626-1697) • Set up controlled experiment to test idea of spontaneous generation with respect to maggots appearing on rotting meat • open jar with meat • screened jar with meat • sealed jar with meat

38. Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation (1668) OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Several days pass Manipulated Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Responding Variable: whether maggots appear Maggots appear No maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

39. John T. Needham (1713-1781) • Flies do not arise spontaneously but the “animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek must • In 1748 Needham boiled broth, stoppered and noted that flask became turbid (cloudy) • Argued that the turbidity, which included many “animalcules” must have arisen spontaneously

40. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) • Used flasks that were sealed by melting the glass rather than with a cork • Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45 minutes would remain sterile thus refuting Needham’s conclusions

41. Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment Gravy is boiled. Flask is open. Gravy is teeming with microorganisms. Flask is sealed. Gravy is free of microorganisms. Gravy is boiled.

42. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Looked at air which had been filtered • Developed swan neck flask to deal with heated air problem • Settled controversy

43. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms. Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. • 1864- Convinced scientists that spontaneous generation was invalid • Impacted industry and medical research

44. Early Evolutionists Hutton gradualism - same processes are responsible for both past and present events one of the first to state that the earth is really old Lyell Theory of uniformitarianism small forces acting over long periods of time can result in major changes e.g. destruction of mountains.

45. Lamarck (1744-1829) The idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as heritability of acquired characteristics ). His ideas were universally rejected

46. Malthus If human population was allowed to increase in an uncontrolled way, then the number of people would increase at a faster rate than the food supply. A point would come when human population would reach the limit up to which food sources could support it. Any further increase would lead to population crash caused by natural phenomena like famine or disease. Malthus’ ideas led Darwin to his idea of natural selection (competition for resources)

47. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) • Traveled all over world on HMS Beagle collecting animal and plant specimens • Enormous numbers and diversity of species • Evidence Darwin Collected 1. extinct species related to living (extant) organisms 2. characteristics of species varied from place to place 3. great variety of organisms on young volcanic islands, e.g., finches

48. Galapagos Island Galapagos Tortoise Finches

49. Darwin’s The Origin of Species Common Descent • Species descend from common ancestors Theory of Natural Selection • There is variation in all species • Some heritable traits in the population are advantageous in environment (adaptation) • Adaptations make some individuals more fit and as a result, they can survive and reproduce more • Over many generations, there are more beneficial traits in the population

50. Alfred Russel Wallace • A contemporary of Darwin, who also came up with the theory of Natural Selection independently. • He sent his work to Darwin • Darwin’s work “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” was published • Wallace insisted that Darwin get all the credit, because Darwin had done more extensive work and research on it than Wallace.