Quote. Paraphrase. Summarize.

1. Quote. Paraphrase. Summarize. But which one? And when?

2. There are three main techniques for integrating another person’s words and/or ideas into your research paper (or any paper, for that matter). • All require use of parenthetical citation • There should never be a question as to whether or not the words are yours or someone else’s.

3. This is the technique we’ve learned and talked the most about so far, as it is the most popular and can be the easiest since you’re just writing down, word for word, someone else’s words. Quoting

4. Example: In the mid 1800’s, it was taught that a woman “must be incapable of error” (Ruskin 30-31). LAST name and page # needed since not introduced

5. Author is more important to build ethos for your reader Information is more important to prove your point • According to Richard West, a senior researcher at Barnaby University, students tend to “give into peer pressure more from family members than friends at school” (233). • From grades two through 12, many students report feeling like they have to “conform or be cut out” from social circles (West 242). To introduce or not to introduce…that is the question.

6. This is taking just the main ideas of a larger chunk of text and condensing it. • You are using your own words to do this. (Don’t freak out if you can’t change every single word.) • Useful for giving the “gist” of what an author has said, when specifics aren’t (yet) necessary. Summarizing

7. We summarize automatically all the time! • “So what was that meeting about?” • “How was school today, dear?” • “What did I miss in Algebra yesterday?” • “What is that movie about?” You’re already an expert!

8. Example: John Ruskin believes that men are not better (or worse) than women; rather, each sex has its own role in society to fulfill, one that should be embraced and not challenged (1-6). Just page # needed in citation since author was introduced

9. Paraphrasing, although you are asked to do it often in English class, is more complicated. • This is used for shorter passages where you are restating, in your own words, what an author is saying. • Different than summary because a paraphrase of one sentence will usually convey about the same amount of info as the original. Paraphrasing

10. Think of how we annotate a poem. • One line of poetry is usually equal to one line of paraphrase. • Think of paraphrasing as “English to English” translation.

11. Example: John Ruskin asserts that if everything a woman does is not perfect, then everything around her will ultimately fail. He goes on to say that a woman is expected to be spotless both spiritually and morally (31). Two sentences of information = two sentences of paraphrase

12. Using the article you found on Friday, complete the following: • Summarize the introduction with lead-in phrase (w/ citation) • Summarize the conclusion without lead-in phrase (w/ citation) • Paraphrase one paragraph’s topic sentence without introducing the author (w/ citation) • Paraphrase a main idea with a lead-in phrase (w/ citation) • Quote the article with a lead-in phrase (w/ citation) • Quote the article without introducing the author (w/ citation) Assignment: