Faisal Mamicpic Alih Urban Environmental Management

1. AN ANALYSIS OF PARATRANSIT SERVICES FROM A MULTI-BENEFIT PERSPECTIVE: A CASE STUDY OF JEEPNEYS IN CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES Faisal Mamicpic Alih Urban Environmental Management School of Environment, Resources and Development ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2. Paratransit Services • Paratransit services in general • Major source of mobility • Varies in types and sizes depending on the urban setting • Serves as ‘gap-fillers’ • Serves a complementary role in the absence of formal transport • Paratransit in the Philippines • Tricycles, motorcycles, jeepneys • Jeepneys serve as major transport mode in middle-sized cities • In some cases they operate alongside buses and other modes • Utilizes modified trucks and manufactured in local shops using second hand engines

3. Jeepneys in Cebu City, Philippines • Jeepneys cause of congestion and road accidents • Jeepneys contribute much to pollution • Jeepneys are obsolete • Jeepneys are polluters • Jeepneys need to be eradicated and changed with modern transport systems • However, jeepneys provide vital access and mobility for people especially those who are transport disadvantaged.

4. Co-benefits • The Co-benefit Concept • Formulated because of the pressing environmental problems and the ‘alarming’ rate of climate change • Overlaps climate change and air pollution measures • Measures include bus rapid transit (BRTs) systems, increasing energy efficiency, and switching to cleaner fuels or renewable energy sources .

5. The Emphasis on Multi-benefits • Multi-benefits refer to the socio-economic and environmental benefits that paratransit offer/should offer • Multi-benefits provide a deeper understanding of the continued popularity and patronage of paratransit • The emphasis is on the multi-benefits accrued from operations and not on strategies which are otherwise termed co-benefits • Determining multi-benefits allows for more targeted co-benefit strategies of paratransit taking into account its complex socio-economic and environmental considerations.

6. Theoretical Framework of Multi-benefits

7. Research Objectives • To understand the service delivery of the jeepney paratransit system • To explain the popularity of the jeepney paratransit system in relation to the socioeconomic conditions of the city • To describe the multi-benefits accrued from paratransit operations • To explore the multi-benefit linkages that are essential in a sustainable and inclusive urban transport system.

8. The Study Area • Cebu City is the largest city in the Visayas islands • The political, economic, business, service and religious center of central Philippines CEBU

9. Demand for Jeepney Transport in Cebu City • People’s activities • Socioeconomic conditions • Population change • Employment • The insignificant difference may be attributed to the fact that women and men have equal travel opportunities. • The significant difference in women and men’s travel frequency may be due to gender differentiated roles.

10. Demand for Jeepney Transport in Cebu City • Geographical considerations • Sprawl • Multi-centric character • Distance of places of residence and places of work and activities • Infrastructure conditions • Narrow roads • Poor quality of associated transport infrastructure Source: Cebu City (2008)

11. Operational Characteristics of Jeepneys • Spread over the entire city connecting fringe areas to city center • Designated by LTFRB and city government • Jeepney is only authorized to ply one route • Route system • Fare system • Formulated by LTFRB • Directly paid to driver • Cost to the commuter but benefit to driver and their families • Allows drivers’ families to have control of daily income

12. Service Quality Valuation • Utilized to determine service quality of transport • Service quality is a very important factor of travel demand • Performed based on various socio-economic and environmental attributes • Includes both tangible and intangible multi-benefits • Drawn from people’s perceptions by ranking, among other tools • Major Multi-benefit aspects • Environmental quality • Livelihood opportunity • Access provision

13. Environmental Quality Aspects • The multi-benefits are not achieved in a business-as-usual scenario • A survey by Cebu City Traffic Operations and Management showed that only 18% of jeepneys comply with Clean Air Act emission standards • People do not perceive the benefit of less emissions • Perception on emissions varies negatively with operational speed • Different impacts on women and men as women travel more.

14. Livelihood Opportunity Aspects • Jeepney system is more of a small enterprise than employment • Jeepneys are a major source of income for people from the lower income brackets • Adequacy of income is vital for household needs to be addressed • Wives can have more control of household finance with the availability of adequate income

15. Access Provision Aspects • The major social benefit of the jeepney system • Based on the opportunity to use the system • Women and men are able to carry out their respective tasks and further access opportunities, goods and services anywhere in the city • More women positively perceive the benefit than men because of their frequent utilization of jeepneys

16. Conclusion • Multi-benefits • Operates in a wide service area • Available anywhere • Convenient transfers • Available anytime • Provides direct service to destination • Standardized low fare • Protection from the elements • Provides livelihood • Attributes that have potential multi-benefits • There is no feeling of safety • Poor physical quality makes the ride not comfortable • Does not reliably provide discounts to entitled commuters • Does not regularly operate on a 24-hour basis • Polluting

17. Conclusion: Implications on Urban Transport Policy • Identifying multi-benefits provides a holistic picture of a wide range of benefits that have been oftentimes overlooked and that which should have been targets of policy measures. • A gender perspective in multi-benefit study allows for deeper understanding of how women and men perceive the attributes of service quality based on gender responsibilities. • Allows for Co-benefit strategies to target environmental quality, livelihood and access in order to achieve a holistic set of benefits • Creates avenues for gradual change that would increase jeepney multi-benefits through redesign and reengineering based on efficiency and anthropometrics. • Transport policy and strategies should be geared towards increasing public transport utilization and promoting universal access and inclusiveness.

18. Recommended Further Studies • Study the jeepney with respect to other modes of transport such as walking and related infrastructure in order to get a holistic picture of the entire public transport system and its multi-benefits. • Conduct more studies on social inclusion and determine how the jeepneys are barriers to and potential vehicles for social inclusion. • Given the multi-benefits on a range of socioeconomic and energy-environment dimensions, studies should be performed on how these dimensions be linked to co-benefit strategies and on how the latter should be formulated in order to achieve the former. • Explore how the benefit of access as provided by jeepneys has able to increase people’s incomes through the access to employment and other goods and services.

19. JEEPNEY RAPID TRANSIT (JRT) It is not a crazy idea of studying the possibility and feasibility of a Jeepney Rapid Transit system patterned after the Bus Rapid Transit system but one which is able to serve areas where the bus is not able to cover. THANK YOU SO MUCH