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Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: Senior Secondary History Curriculum – Compulsory Part (Theme A) Modernisation and Transformation of Japan and Southeast Asia (Lecture 1) Japan and its expansion in Southeast Asia during the Second World War (New). Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael

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Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong

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  1. Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: Senior Secondary History Curriculum – Compulsory Part (Theme A) Modernisation and Transformation of Japan and Southeast Asia (Lecture 1)Japan and its expansion in Southeast Asia during the Second World War (New) Dr. LEE Hiu-hong, Michael Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong CDI020150488 21.04.2016

  2. Introduction • Part I: Japan and Militarism • Part II: Japan’s Expansion in Southeast Asia • Part III: Conclusion • Part IV: Further References

  3. Part I: Japan and Militarism

  4. Photo of Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine#/media/File:Yasukuni_Shrine_201005.jpg

  5. Picture of Yasukuni jinja daisai no zu Please click this link to access the picture: https://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/an/Bild:Yasukuni_meiji_tenno.jpg

  6. Yasukuni Shrine (靖国神社) Yasukuni Shrine, which was set up in 1869 in Tokyo, is dedicated to over 2.4 million Japanese soldiers and servicemen who died fighting on behalf of the Emperor of Japan in the last 150 years. It also houses one of the few Japanese war museums dedicated to World War II. The shrine is at the center of an international  controversy by honoring war criminals convicted by a post World War II court including 14 “Class A” war criminals. Japanese politicians, including prime ministers and cabinet members have paid visits to Yasukuni Shrine in recent years which caused criticism and protests from China, Korea, and Taiwan. 

  7. Photo of Yushukan(遊就館) Please click this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=yusukan&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizhKC23YrNAhXDPRQKHXYnCDwQ_AUIBygB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgdii=DV_epUcZCaWcRM%3A%3BDV_epUcZCaWcRM%3A%3B7B9AgbMzqNq2dM%3A&imgrc=DV_epUcZCaWcRM%3A

  8. Please use this link to access the picture: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/10000_Yen_E_Serie_Vorderseite.jpg Picture of Japanese currency

  9. Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) Picture of Fukuzawa Yukichi Please use this link to access the picture: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=fukuzawa+yukichi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY8dmN3orNAhVE1hQKHRyoDx4Q_AUIBygB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=BvGPwewEOUJddM%3A • An Encouragement of Learning “Gakumon no Susume (学問のすすめ)” (1872-1876) • De-Asianization “Datsu-a ron”脱亜論(1885)

  10. Japanese Militarism • An ideology and a course of political action which aimed at the domination of politics, culture, and all other aspects of social life by military values • Central role of the imperial Japanese armed forces in Japan’s life and administration, especially in 1931-1945

  11. Military Role in Japanese Politics • In 1885-1945: • Generals and admirals held 15 out of 30 premiership • Generals and admirals held 115 out of 404 cabinet posts • Only officers on active duty served as army and navy ministers • Prime Minister had to resign if he could not fill all cabinet posts

  12. Ultranationalist/Militarist Organizations • Civilian societies: • Genyosha (Dark Ocean Society, 玄洋社) • Kokuryukai (Dark Dragon Society, 黒竜会) • Dai Nihon Kokusuikai (Greater Japan National Essence Society, 大日本国粋会) • Yuzonsha (Society for Preservation of the National Essence, 猶存社) set up by Kita Ikki (北一輝) and Okawa Shumei (大川周明) • Kokuhonsha (National Foundation Society, 国本社) • Ketsumeidan (League of the Blood, 血盟団) • Military societies: • Imperial Military Reservists Association (IMRA, 帝国在郷軍人会) • Sakurakai (Cherry Blossom Society, 桜会) • Imperial Rule Assistance Association (IRAA,大政翼賛会) founded by Konoe Fumimaro 近衛文麿

  13. Showa Restoration (昭和維新) • Radical right-wing junior military officers (Imperial Way Faction, Kodoha 皇道派) believed in a total change of the political, social and cultural life in Japan, which the nation would shed the evil institutions copied from the West and return to its true itself as manifested earlier in the Meiji Restoration • They viewed violence as both a punishment for the wrongdoers and as a shortcut to utopia

  14. End of Party Government • Tanaka Giichi 田中義一Cabinet (April 1927-July 1929) • Hamaguchi Osachi 浜口雄幸Cabinet (July 1929-April 1931) • Wakatsuki Reijiro 若槻礼次郎Cabinet (April-December 1931) • Inukai Tsuyoshi 犬養毅Cabinet (December 1931-May 1932) • Inukai was assassinated on 15 May 1932 (15 May Incident)

  15. Rise of Military Government • End of political party rule after the assassination of Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932 • Prime Ministers were from Army, Navy and IRAA until Japan’s defeat in August 1945 • e.g. Saito Makoto 斉藤実, Konoe Fumimaro, Tojo Hideki 東條英機 • Military was unrestrained and exerted strong influence Japanese society

  16. Reasons for Militarism • Strong military position in Japanese government • Failure of party government • Lack of effective opposition to militarism • Ultranationalist movement • External factors • Discrimination by Western powers against Japan and Japanese • Rise of Fascism and Nazism in Italy and Germany respectively as examples of authoritarian and totalitarian rule in Japan

  17. Part II: Japan’s Expansion in Southeast Asia

  18. Karayuki-san 唐行きさん Pictures of Karayuki-san Please use this link to access the pictures: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=karayukisan&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir86mD34rNAhXCVhQKHbxUDaIQ_AUIBygB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=oPQaFHcarz9jxM%3A

  19. Tonan Ajia and Nanyo • The concept of “South-East Asia” (Tonan Ajia) in Japan emerged after World War I (1914-18) • During the Meiji period, the region was split into: • A mainland of former Chinese vassal states (Indochina) • Nanyo refers to an expanse of islands (The South Seas)

  20. Nanyo Kyokai 南洋協会 • South Seas Association (Society) established in Tokyo in 1914 by prominent Japanese tycoons including Shibusawa Eiichi (渋沢栄一) • Aimed to promote Japan-Nanyo economic and cultural relations • Published journal Nanyo • Promoted the emigration of Japanese farmers to Malay Peninsula and North Borneo • Set up Commercial Museum in Singapore to run on-job business training programme

  21. Nanyo Kyokai in the 1930s • Transformed from a private organization to a government-bureaucratic organization and subsidized by the Foreign Affairs Ministry • Committee for Policy Study of the Southern Region (Tai Nampo hosaku kenkyu i-inkai対南方方策研究委員会) was set up in 1935 • Nanyo Gakuin (南洋学院, Nanyo College) was set up in Saigon in 1942

  22. Japanese propaganda poster: Rise of Asia Please use this link to access the poster: https://warinthepacific.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/japanese-propaganda-rise-of-asia/

  23. Pan-Asianism • The call for “Asian” unity formulated by Asian intellectuals since the late 19th century • Ideology of liberating Asia (China and Southeast Asia) from Western imperialist powers, and of making “Asia for Asians” • Japan to be the “Asian alliance leader” in a crusade to save Asia from Western imperialism • “New East Asian Order” & “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

  24. Nanshin (南進, Southward Advance) • Japan had a destiny to advance its influence toward the Nanyo, the South Seas (including Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Micronesia) • Southeast Asia was essentially virgin territory, i.e. its resources untapped and its potential unfulfilled through the neglect, mismanagement, and incompetence of its nominal Western colonial rulers

  25. Dai Ajia Kyokai (大アジア協会) • Dai Ajia Kyokai (Great Asia Society) established in 1933 to propagate Pan-Asianism as symbolized by Japan’s new puppet state of Manchukuo • Southeast Asia might provide economic support for a Northeast Asian bloc • Published Dai Ajiashugi (Great Asianism) to propagate the idea of Asian liberation

  26. Fundamental Principles of National Policy (1936) The aims of our state administration are to stabilize the government at home, and to promote better diplomatic and trade relations abroad. It is in line with the fundamental principles of the Empire that we should seek to become in name and in fact a stabilizing power for assuring peace in East Asia, thereby ultimately contributing to the peace and welfare of humanity. The fundamental national policy for Japan, dictated by the prevailing domestic and international situation, is the securing of a firm diplomatic and defensive position on the East Asiatic Continent and the extension of national influence as far as the South Seas. 

  27. Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere (大東亜共栄圏, 1940) • Japan’s purpose…was to create a new world order that would enable all nations and races to assume their proper place in the world, and all peoples to be at peace in their own spheres • The real goal of the new order was to create an economic structure which would ensure the permanent subordination of all other peoples and nations of Asia to Japan.

  28. Please use this link to access the posters: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=japan+germany+italy+axis+alliance+poster&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeltrggovNAhWLGZQKHShgBjsQ_AUIBygB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=gv5JbGYSXEvwyM%3A Propaganda posters of Axis Powers

  29. Wartime headlines from the Japan Times Please use this link to read the headlines: http://www.kiwidollar.com/p/wartime-headlines-from-japan-times.html

  30. Japan’s Invasion of Southeast Asia • September 1940: Japan entered French Indochina; signed Tripartite Act with Germany and Italy • 7 December 1941: Pearl Harbour Attack • 8 December 1941: Japanese attack on Malaya • 21 December 1941: Thailand allied with Japan • 27 December 1941: Japan captured Manila, The Philippines • 11 January 1942: Japan took over Kuala Lumpur, Malaya • 15 February 1942: British surrendered in Singapore • 3 March 1942: Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (Bali, Timor and Java) • 15 May 1942: Burma fell to the Japanese

  31. Maps which show Japanese expansion in 1942 Please use this link to access the maps: https://www.google.com.hk/search?tbm=isch&tbs=rimg%3ACTtINGJH3tvQIjgQLiBUr_1M69QtWPV0ILPOxmniehuI8ALDC_1CenyaaxiyAmyEd9ibZ_1C1UCzjj87inbTXQl_1f813yoSCRAuIFSv8zr1ERAPtjQmvu_1QKhIJC1Y9XQgs87ERyc78GH-GIMUqEgmaeJ6G4jwAsBGWlnGtQnBGCyoSCcL8J6fJprGLEahi7As4oGcHKhIJICbIR32Jtn8Rjw4_17kUm88sqEgkLVQLOOPzuKRG0_1cvbVox7mSoSCdtNdCX9_1zXfEb4RtAx1oI4c&q=japanese%20expansion%201942%20map&ved=0ahUKEwiY05Lfg4vNAhUJkZQKHerSDmsQ9C8ICQ&dpr=1&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=8KsynXkF_K5GnM%3A

  32. Propaganda posters of Japan in WWII Please use this link to access the posters: https://www.google.com.hk/search?biw=1920&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=japan+war+propaganda+poster+malaya&oq=japan+war+propaganda+poster+malaya&gs_l=img.3...28358.29108.0.29309.7.7.0.0.0.0.100.257.2j1.3.0....0...1c.1.64.img..4.0.0.afvf9YzisQ8#imgrc=q37BMomPMjrQ-M%3A

  33. Photos of Southeast Asian banknotes Please use this link to access the photos: https://www.google.com.hk/search?tbm=isch&tbs=rimg%3ACUxleFrwUfWLIjjQAGl6Ax5v4NSnL3szPsSUfg_1_1cQxMPcBnCxU2beYwm0I88Igd3vM6Qffde8qgNvogc0VqwE5n0CoSCdAAaXoDHm_1gEWXkKmNM3pRSKhIJ1KcvezM-xJQRZeQqY0zelFIqEgl-D_19xDEw9wBFP02GtIZZKDioSCWcLFTZt5jCbEa4FbFvCfW_1HKhIJQjzwiB3e8zoRXsMhQHy2ZZcqEglB9917yqA2-hG3WcnfJBLtMCoSCSBzRWrATmfQEeKTwynlRnoZ&q=japan%20banana%20banknote&ved=0ahUKEwj0gbjdhYvNAhXBKZQKHdaKALYQ9C8ICQ&dpr=1&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=7zUF3qdaIFhs6M%3A

  34. Posters in China and Malay in the 1940s Please use this link to access the posters: https://www.google.com.hk/search?biw=1920&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=japan+war+propaganda+poster+malaya&oq=japan+war+propaganda+poster+malaya&gs_l=img.3...28358.29108.0.29309.7.7.0.0.0.0.100.257.2j1.3.0....0...1c.1.64.img..4.0.0.afvf9YzisQ8#imgrc=dqO6ZtBpxyzagM%3A

  35. Photo of Hideki Tojo Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=tojo+hideki&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgvvWZhovNAhUElJQKHdKwDPQQ_AUIBygB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgdii=qlsTYzSIMva-RM%3A%3BqlsTYzSIMva-RM%3A%3BdJPT_w7mJHCM-M%3A&imgrc=qlsTYzSIMva-RM%3A

  36. Greater East Asia Conference • Joint Declaration of the Greater East Asia Conference convened by Prime Minister Tojo Hideki in Tokyo on 5-6 November 1943 • Attended by six “independent” countries: Japan, Manchukuo, Thailand, China, the Philippines and Burma

  37. Photo of Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943 Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere#/media/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG

  38. Japanese propaganda poster: Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere Please use this link to access the poster: https://www.google.com.hk/search?tbm=isch&tbs=rimg%3ACQwS1-p261S9IjjGgt8zLWnLIUBM6JlI_1JwPCRXHd4cL6iaCmhcj9b-fH33drESkZbyqUSN3ksBrgwENP_1nNZkIueioSCcaC3zMtacshEctlSKPlHdmuKhIJQEzomUj8nA8R6PfCx943rOgqEgkJFcd3hwvqJhHEvUOdWngxRCoSCYKaFyP1v58fEYTTeAPqMSu7KhIJfd2sRKRlvKoRmkncKPOypUQqEglRI3eSwGuDARH7_12ccukbVmCoSCQ0_1-c1mQi56ETJW-nfwbxx_1&q=greater%20east%20asia%20co-prosperity%20sphere%20poster&ved=0ahUKEwiJhb7ChIvNAhUDjJQKHQPKA8gQ9C8ICQ&dpr=1&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=DBLX6nbrVL34rM%3A

  39. Greater East Asia Declaration大東亞共同宣言 “The construction of an order of co-existence and co-prosperity, mutual support for autonomy and independence, and the abolition of racial discrimination.”

  40. Five Principles of Greater East Asia • The countries of Greater East Asia through mutual cooperation will ensure the stability of their region and construct an order of common prosperity and well-being based upon justices • The countries of Greater East Asia will ensure the fraternity of nations in their region, by respecting one another’s sovereignty and independence and practising mutual assistance and amity

  41. Five Principles of Greater East Asia • The countries of Greater East Asia by respecting one another’s traditions and developing the creative faculties of each race, will enhance the culture and civilization of Greater East Asia • The countries of Greater East Asia will endeavour to accelerate their economic development through close cooperaton upon a basis of reciprocity and to promote the general prosperity of their region

  42. Five Principles of Greater East Asia • The countries of Greater East Asia will cultivate friendly relations with all the countries of the world, and work for the abolition of racial discrimination, the promotion of cultural intercourse and the opening of resources throughout the world, and contribute thereby to the progress of mankind

  43. Japan and Thailand • Prime Minister Phibun signed an alliance agreement with Japan in December 1941 • Territorial expectations from Japan as she promised to return parts of Cambodia and Laos together with the northern Malay states Photo of Marshall Plaek Pibulsonggram Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram#/media/File:%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg

  44. Phibun’s Statement “If we don’t sign, it means we will all be destroyed. If we join with them and Japan is destroyed, we will be destroyed too. Or if Japan comes out OK, we still could be ruined. Or, if Japan does OK, we could do OK too. Or if Japan wins, we could end up like Manchukuo. So what should we do?”

  45. Japan and Burma Photo of Dr. Ba Maw (the leader of the Burmese Executive Administration) who was visiting Tokyo accompanied by a delegation of Burmese officials in March 1943. Please use this link to access the photo: https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=ba+maw&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpmvCQh4vNAhXEnpQKHeOsBsoQ_AUIBygB&biw=1920&bih=965#imgrc=4C3FzsgQQYuteM%3A • Burma proclaimed independent in 1943 • Ba Maw was the designated Head of State of a Japanese-sponsored civilian administration during the Japanese occupation period

  46. Ba Maw’s View on Greater East Asia • “The stronger Asia becomes, the stronger are we Burmese.” • “Without the construction of a Greater East Asia, there would be no completion of national independence.” • “We must be aware of the fact that we who are born in Asia have a dual nationality, that is, we are nationals of our own country and at the same time we are nationals of Greater East Asia.”

  47. Ba Maw’s Statement No nation has done so much to liberate Asia from white domination, yet no nation has been so misunderstood by the very people whom it had helped either to liberate or to set an example to in many things… No military defeat could then have robbed her of the trust and gratitude of half of Asia or even more. Even now, as things actually are, nothing can ever obliterate the role Japan has played in bringing liberation to countless colonial people.

  48. Japan and Indonesia • Advisory body of local notables, headed by Sukarno, was formed in 1943 to give Indonesians a role in policy formulation and administration • Indonesia declared independent in August 1945 • A sense of dislike among Indonesians of not only Japanese colonialism but of all colonialisms Official portrait of President Sukarno Please use this link to access the photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno#/media/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg

  49. Sukarno and Japan Sukarno adopted the tactic of thanking Japan for its promise to grant independence, while appealing to his countrymen for effort and self-sacrifice: “No matter if independence is promised ten times, a hundred, or even a thousand times, if we don’t fight, or if we don’t acquire power to achieve independence, we can never obtain it. If a people possess an ardent spirit and will, no one can stop them from achieving independence.” Kenichi Goto (2003), p. 83

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