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Waste to Energy: Bio-Mass to Biogas Renewable Energy Technologies

Learn about the potential of biogas as a renewable natural gas (RNG) and its commercial, natural, and synthetic sources. Discover how biomass reduction and plastics play a role in waste to energy conversion. Explore existing facilities and find out how biogas can be used as a clean and safe fuel to meet the needs of a sustainable society.

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Waste to Energy: Bio-Mass to Biogas Renewable Energy Technologies

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  1. Waste to Energy Arkansas State University, Renewable Energy Conference October 14, 2016 • MAREH / 361 Southwest Drive, #153, Jonesboro, AR 72401 / (870) 206-0160 / www.mareh.org

  2. Bio-Mass to Biogas Renewable Energy Technologies Waste to EnergyThe Other Renewable Fuel, Methane. Preserving the environment with a safe and clean fuel base that can meet the needs of an ecologically minded society. Dr. Robert L. Straitt, CEM, CDSM Chief Scientist, MAREH Co-Authors/Researchers Energy Efficiency Management For a Cleaner and Brighter World • Nadine Straitt, CEA • Ex. Director, MAREH • Jacob HollowayNew Mexico State University, • Cooperative Extension Services, Zuni Office

  3. Contents Introduction What is Biogas – Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Commercial Sources of Biogas/RNG Natural Sources of Biogas/RNG Synthetic Sources of Biogas/RNG Biomass Reduction Plastics What about Existing Facilities? Summary and Conclusion Contacts

  4. What is Bio-Gas or Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)? Bio-Gas or RNG, is Methane that is capture from the anaerobic decay or gasification of biomass materials and/or certain other materials like plastics, Black Liqueur, and even aluminum scrap.

  5. Methane is Commercially Available From Two Sources Natural Methane Capturing of naturally occurring sources of Methane below the ground and on the surface. Synthetic Methane Conversion of Bio-Mass and other materials into Renewable Natural Gas (methane) through anaerobic digestion or gasification

  6. Natural Methane is Renewable Energy Methane can be naturally produced through anaerobic decomposition of plant matter by bacteria. • Rice production is one of the top sources of naturally occurring methane. • Methane is produced in marshes and wetlands where it is often called swamp gas. • Methane is produced wherever any type of biomass is subjected to anaerobic conditions • Animal waste naturally produces methane beginning in the animals digestive track • Methane is produced in the oceans through • Thermogenic process in the deep oceanic crust • Biogenic methane is a waste product of methanogenic archaea, a microorganism http://sanjeetbiotech.blogspot.in/2011/06/wetland-rice-cultivation-major-cause-of.html. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/vast-methane-plumes-seen-in-arctic- ocean-as-sea-ice-retreats-6276278.html http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/10chile/background/methane/media/methane4.html

  7. Natural Methane is Renewable Energy Methane can also be naturally produced through a process known of carbonate reduction. • Abiogenic process well below the biomass layers of the crust convert Methane was formed from FeO, CaCO3 -calcite, and water at pressures between 5 and 11 GPa and temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1,500°C. • Carbonate reduction methane rises though cracks and fissures in the mantle until it reaches an Impermeable rock formation referred to as cap rock GPa – Giga Pascal / 11 GPa = ~1,595,415 PSI

  8. Synthetic Methane (Biogass) is Renewable Energy Synthetic Methane or Biogas is a form of Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is man-made by converting waste materials into methane and other useful bi-products • Agricultural plant waste products • Animal and human digestive waste • Municipal Solid waste such as paper, wood, lawn residue and food waste • Plastics, Black Liqueur, and other industrial products biogas digester at New Hope Dairy in Galt, Calif http://cdrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/DairyCares-MOR-11-14.bmp

  9. Two Main Methods of Generating Renewable Natural Gas Gasification Digestion https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Sustainability-Recycling/Energy-Recovery/Gasification-of-Non-Recycled-Plastics-from-Municipal-Solid-Waste-in-the-United-States.pdf http://www.theecoambassador.com/images/Anaerobicsolutioncompressed.jpg

  10. Agricultural and Other Solid Biomass to Biogas Facilities Modern State-of-the-Art solid waste digester plants can cleaning and safely convert Agricultural, Municipal, and industrial, Biomass into clean biogas and compost. http://archive.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060418/trash.jpg http://www.mwm.net/files/cache/image/biogasanlage-geotexia-france-441x371-2aa44.jpg http://openrangenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/cotton-gin_472x280.jpg

  11. Solid Biomass to Biogas Facilities While solid biomass to biogas generators come in sizes from individual home size, to farm size, to municipal size treatment plants, whole communities can benefit from the economies of scale associated with continuous operations of a municipal size biomass to biogas facility Scalable Small-Scale self contained Biomass Digester and Combined Heat and Power Units (CHP) by EUCOlino The Community benefits from a Municipal Biomass to Biogas Plant

  12. Using Biogas from Solid Biomass Biogas from municipal solid waste can be easily and cheaply processed onsite to Bio-Methane a product that can be directly injected into the commercial natural gas grid making it easily distributable to the community through existing gas line network or use locally to power agricultural, personal, or commercial vehicles. Bio-methane from biogas can be injected into the gas grid or used for vehicle fuel as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). - Carbotech Locally produced Biogas helps to make a community an independent energy island.

  13. Methane Produced from Plastics is Renewable Energy In addition to organic waste plastic, food and product wrappers, shipping materials, Styrofoam, plasticulture, and many other plastic products are disposed into landfills daily. These plastic items, many of not recyclable by traditional means, can easily be converted into RNG and then into other fuel types Landfilled Plastics Could Power 5.2 Million U.S. Households Scientists at Columbia University say that the energy potential in non-recycled plastic is at least enough to fuel 6 million cars or power 5.2 million homes each year. http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/ACC_Final_Report_August23_2011.pdf http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110008529.pdf

  14. Plastic Municipal Solid Waste is in Our Food Chain Plastics have begun to end up in our food chain from fish, to poultry and migratory birds, to beef and dairy cows. Besides the plastic solids, plastics leach harmful chemicals in to the flesh and milk of our food stocks including PAHs, PCBs and PBDEs, as well as, phthalates, nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and brominated flame retardants. The cow shown on the right died of some 53kg of plastic in its stomach from years of digesting plastics in its food.

  15. But we Recycle our Plastic Municipal Solid Waste While many environmentally friendly folks go out of their way sort and recycle plastics, paper, and other recyclable items, once the items are picked up much of it ends up in the same landfill as the rest of the garbage collected.

  16. Unlike most of the other MSW that we find going to landfills, plastic based items stay in/on the ground, and in the water supply virtually for ever. American discard about 33.6 million tons of plastic each year, but only 6.5 % or 2.1 million tons goes into recycling programs And much of the recycled plastics end up in landfills as well Plastic Muncipal Solid Waste Last Forever

  17. Traditional Recycling MSW Harms the Enviroment While it is intended to be environmentally friendly traditional recycling is harmful to the environment and the economy. From gamma radiation poisoning of buildings built from contaminated recycled steel, to lead from recycle aluminum spray paint cans, to toxic chemicals in recycled paper. Recycling requires doubling the fleet of pick-up vehicles to well over 179,000 trash/recycling vehicles operating in the USA alone. With each vehicle contributing more environmental pollutants in its life time than it can haul as recyclables.

  18. Plastic to Reclaimed Energy Facilities (cont.) 28.9 million tons, 85.5% of recyclable plastic is thrown away = 1.5 billion gallons of fuel • In addition to plastics of all types, plastic gasification facilities can utilize all of the following materials to create a variety of profitable and environmentally friendly products. • Waste Wood • Wood Pellets and Chips • Aluminum Wastes • Industrial Wastes • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) • Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) • Auto-Shredder Residue (ASR) • Coal • Petroleum Coke • Agricultural Wastes • Grasses • Corn Stover • Crop Residues • Mill Waste • Sewage Sludge • Black Liquor

  19. The End Contact Information Dr. Robert L. Straitt dr.bob@mareh.org 870-206-0160 • MAREH / 361 Southwest Drive, #153, Jonesboro, AR 72401 / (870) 206-0160 / www.mareh.org

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