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Scientific Writing Shahin Akhondzadeh Ph.D. Neuroscientist Department of Psychiatry,

Scientific Writing Shahin Akhondzadeh Ph.D. Neuroscientist Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, TUMS. Research Ideas

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Scientific Writing Shahin Akhondzadeh Ph.D. Neuroscientist Department of Psychiatry,

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  1. Scientific Writing Shahin Akhondzadeh Ph.D. Neuroscientist Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, TUMS.

  2. Research Ideas • In thinking about establishing a research program, it is important to consider what habits investigators need to cultivate in order to be successful in their chosen field. • Be a good listener • Good researchers learn as much as they can from those around them. They learn from their patients, from the observations if fellow staff members at all levels, and from the accumulated knowledge of other investigators in the field.

  3. 2. (Read, Read and Read)∞ Reading papers in your field, regardless of how finite it may seem when one first approaches it, is enormous; and in becoming a clinical researcher one must have a firm grasp, both deep and broad-based, of the field of one’s inquiry, and not uncommonly several related fields as well.

  4. 3. Attend national, if possible, international meetings. • If all that one knows about a field is what has been published in professional journals, one is at least a year out of date. The most recent information is usually presented at meetings. • Network • When you begin to work in an area, it is very important to get know the most influential people, particularly in your own field at internationally level.

  5. 5. Present at meetings or submit to journals As soon as you can, submit and present scientific data at meetings you have targeted as the most important in your field. This will allow you to obtain criticism and feedback on your work and to become known to other investigators. 6. Results that get results

  6. Choosing an Area of Focus • At some point, an investigator needs to decide on an area on which to focus. Obviously, this decision is of great importance, and it should be based on a number of factors, including the following: • From your postgraduate education. It assume you are the best in your field of postgraduate thesis • Interest in the area and questions that need to be asked, as well as interest in and compassion for this patient population.

  7. 3. The availability of patients and necessary equipment and/or methodology. 4. Is there a niche? 5. The availability of collaborators and mentors. 6. What is hot?

  8. Supportive Environment and peer Groups One can rarely do research in isolation. A desirable situation is one in which other individuals are working in the same or related areas. It is important to work in a culture where research productivity is valued, and where recognition is given for it.

  9. Categories of Papers: Regular Research Articles: This category is intended for full scale basic or clinical studies, usually up to 5000 words. Brief Reports/Clinical Reports: This category ifs for smaller, self-contained laboratory or clinical studies including series of cases illustrating a novel therapeutic approach or clinical observation.

  10. Rapid Communication. This category is for fast-breaking new work, which is of the great potential interest and can be succinctly presented. Review Articles: They are usually invited. Indeed, their writers should be expert in that field. Letters to the Editor: These should briefly report single experiments and cases of clinical interest or respond to recent articles.

  11. Choosing a Journal In thinking about where to submit a paper for publication, several issues must be considered. The researcher should ask, “How important is this study, and what readership would be interested in it?” Sending an article to a journal when there is little or no chance of the journal accepting it may take a great deal of time and may delay publication of the article until its importance to the field is diminished.

  12. In preparing a journal article, it is important to follow the instructions to authors for those particular journals. One good way to decide which journal is appropriate for an article is to look at its reference list. This shows where other articles in this field are being published. And finally, step-by-step you will be patron of a specific journal!!!!!!

  13. Submitting Process After choosing the journal and making the manuscript according to its format, you should submit it to the editor with a covering letter indicates: Title of the manuscript Conflict of interest Name of authors Demand for fast track service Type of submitted article And finally why you chose that journal

  14. Conclusion Like most academic tasks, writing journal articles is a skill that is developed over time. Becoming a productive clinical researcher requires one to publish, so he or she must jump in, write up the results, submit the manuscripts, promptly return the revised manuscript, resubmit rejected manuscripts and learn throughout the process

  15. Publications: A. Papers: 1- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1994). Interaction between adenosine and GABAA receptors on hippocampal neurons, Brain Res., 665, 229-236. 2- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1995). Potentiation by neurosteroids of muscimol/adenosine interaction in rat hippocampus. Brain Res., 677, 311-318.

  16. 3- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1995). Induction of a novel form of hippocampal long-term depression by muscimol: Involvement of GABAA but not glutamate receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol., 115, 527-533. 4- AKHONDZADEH. S. & STONE, T.W. (1996). Glutamate-independent long-term depression in rat hippocampus by activation of GABAA receptors. Life Science., 58, 1023-1030.  5- AKHONDZADEH. S. & STONE, T.W. (1996). Muscimol-induced long-term depression in the hippocampus: Lack of dependence on extracellular calcium. Neuroscience., 71, 581-588.

  17. 6- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1996). Maintenance of muscimol-induced long-term depression by neurosteroids. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry., 20, 277-289. 7- NOORBALA A.A., HOSSEINI S.H., MOHAMMADI M.R. & AKHONDZADEH. S. (1998). Combination of clomipramine and nortriptyline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 23, 155-159.

  18. 8- AKHONDZADEH. S. & STONE, T.W. (1998). Potentiation of Muscimol-induced long-term depression by benzodiazepines and prevention or reversal by pregnenolone sulfate. Pharmacological Research., 38, 441-448. 9- AKHONDZADEH. S. & STONE, T.W. (1999). Prevention of muscimol-induced long-term depression by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry., 23, 1215-1226.

  19. 10- AKHONDZADEH S., EMAMIAN. E., ABHARI. S.A. & SHABESTARI. O. (1999). Is it time to have another look at lithium in bipolar disorder? Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry., 23, 1011-1117. 11- NOORBALA A.A., AKHONDZADEH S., DAVARI-ASHTINAI R. and AMINI-NOOSHABADI H. (1999). Piracetam in the treatment of schizophrenia: implications for the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 24, 369-374.

  20. 12- AKHONDZADEH S., MOHAMMADI M.A., AMINI-NOOSHABADI H. and DAVARI-ASHTIANI R. (1999). Cyproheptadine in treatment of chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 24, 49-52. 13- AKHONDZADEH S., SHASAVAND E., JAMILIAN H.R., SHABESTARI O. and KAMALIPOUR A. (2000). Dipyridamole in the treatment of schizophrenia: adenosine-dopamine receptor interaction. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 25, 131-138.

  21. 14- AKHONDZADEH S., AHMADI-ABHARI S.A., ASSADI S.M., SHABESTARI O.L, KASHANI A.R. and FARZANEHGAN, Z.M. (2000). Double-blind randomized controlled trial of baclofen in the treatment of opiates withdrawal. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 25, 347-353. 15- AHMADI-ABHARI S.A., AKHONDZADEH S., ASSADI S.M., SHABESTARI O.L, FARZANEHGAN, Z.M. and A. Kamalipour (2001). Baclofen versus clonidine in the treatment of opiates withdrawal, side effects aspect: A double blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 26, 67-71.

  22. 16- AKHONDZADEH S., NAGHAVI H.R., VAZIRIAN M., SHAYEGANPOUR A., RASHIDI H. and KHANI M. (2001). Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A double-blind and randomized trial with oxazepam. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 26, 363-367. 17- AKHONDZADEH S., KASHANI L., MOBASSERI M., HOSSEINI S.H., NIKZAD S. and KHANI M. (2001). Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: A double-blind and randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 26, 368-373.

  23. 18- GODARZI SH., YASAMI M.T. and AKHONDZADEH S. (2002). Cyproheptadine in autism. Eur. Psychiatry.17; 230-231. 19- MOHAMMADI M.R., AKHONDZADEH S., KASHANI L., IZADIAN E. and OHADINIA S. (2002). Efficacy of theophylline compared to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Eur. J. Psychiatry (in press).

  24. 20- AKHONDZADEH S., MOJTAHEDZADEH V. MIRSEPASSI G.R. and KAMILIPOUR A. (2002). Diazoxide in the treatment of schizophrenia: a novel application of potassium channel openers in the CNS disorders. J. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (in press). 21- AKHONDZADEH S. MOHAMMADI M.R. & KHASHANI, L. (2002). Potentiation of Muscimol-induced long-term depression by benzodiazepines but not zolpidem. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 26; 1161-1166.

  25. 22- AKHONDZADEH S. KASHANI L. JARVANDI S. VAZIRIAN M. KHANI M. JAMSHIDI A.H. TAGHIZADEH M. and KAMALIPOUR A. (2002). Comparison of Lavandula officinalis tincture and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot study. in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (in press). 23- AKHONDZADEH S., TAVAKOLIAN R., DAVARI-ASHTIANI R., ARABGOL F. and AMINI-NOOSHABADI H. (2002). Selegiline in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a double blind randomized and controlled trial. Australian and News Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. (submitted).

  26. C. Editorial: 24- AKHONDZADEH S. (1998). The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 23, 243-246.

  27. D. Review Article: 25- AKHONDZADEH S. (1999). Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognition. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 24, 241-248. 26- AKHONDZADEH S. (2001) The 5-HT hypothesis of schizophrenia. IDRUGS., 4, 295-300. 27- AKHONDZADEH S. & MOHAMMADI M.R. (2001). Schizophrenia: etiology and pharmacotherapy. IDRUGS., 4, 1167-1172. 28- AKHONDZADEH S. & Noroozian M. (2002). Alzheimer’s disease: Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. IDRUGS (in press)

  28. E. Abstracts (in journals): 29- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1994). Enhancement by muscimol of adenosine effects on population spikes in the presence of barium. Canadian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 72, 503. 30- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1994). Enhancement by muscimol of adenosine effects on hippocampal population spikes, Br. J. Pharmacol., 112, 612P. 31- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1994). Suppression by DIDS of an interaction between adenosine and muscimol in the hippocampus. Br. J. Pharmacol., 113, 106P.

  29. 32- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1995). neurosteroids enhance muscimol and adenosine potentiation in the presence of barium. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114, 292P. 33- AKHONDZADEH, S. & STONE, T.W. (1995) Neurosteroids potentiate GABA and adenosine inhibition of hippocampal evoked potentials. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114, 293P.  34- AKHONDZADEH, S., SHABESTARI, O.L. & FARZANEHGAN, Z.M. (2000). Potentiation of muscimol-induced long-term depression by diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. Br. J. Pharmacol., 129, 163.

  30. 35- AKHONDZADEH S., MOHAMMADI, M.R., DAVARI-ASHTIANI, R., AMINI-NOOSHABADI, H. & FARZANEHGAN, Z.M. (2000). Cyproheptadine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: implications for the 5-HT hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 49, 491.  36- AKHONDZADEH S., NOORBALA, A.A., DAVARI-ASHTIANI, R., AMINI-NOOSHABADI, H. & SHABESTARI, O.L. (2000). Piracetam in the treatment of schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49, 507.

  31. 37- NOORBALA A.A., MOHAMMADI M.R., AKHONDZADEH S. and HOSSENI S.H. (2000). Combination of clomipramine and nortriptyline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Implication for noradrenergic-serotonergic hypothesis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (in press). 38- AKHONDZADEH S., SHAHSAVAND E., JAMILIAN H.R. & SHABESTARI O. (2000). Dipyridamole in the treatment of schizophrenia: adenosine-dopamine receptor interaction. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (in press).

  32. 39- AKHONDZADEH S., AHMADI-ABHARI S.A., ASSADI S.M. & SHABESTARI O.L. (2000). Double-blind randomized controlled trial of baclofen in the treatment of opiates withdrawal. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 51, 364P. 40- AKHONDZADEH S. KHASHANI L. and MOBASERI M. (2002). Potentiation of Muscimol-induced long-term depression by benzodiazepines but not zolpidem. Br. J. Pharmacology. 135, U37.

  33. F. Book: Encylopedia of Iranian Medicinal Plants (in persian). Arjomand Press, 2000, Tehran, Iran. G. Other Communications: A number of full papers, oral presentations and lectures in Iranian journals and congress-seminars.

  34. Methods & Materials This, too, is an easy section. You know you did, and here you merely report it. However, science relies on replication. Try not to frustrate the reader the same way, as you were frustrated. In a clinical study, make sure the subjects, including controls, are defined both clinically and demographically so well that analogous populations could be gathered by others

  35. Do not refer to unpublished methods List the source of any materials that are not routinely available. Indicate how the data were handled and refer to any statistical procedures you may have used. Methods is usually divided into subsections that include study design, study population, treatments (Interventions), measurements, and statistical analysis.

  36. Study Design Method of randomization, type of blinding, type of Control Parrarel -group or Crossover design Multicenter or single center

  37. Study Population Inclusion and exclusion Criteria Specify Requirements as to health condition, age, gender, ethnic background, weight and height The criteria used in the diagnosis of the disease should be given Species, strain and serotype of microorganisms Writers must give a complete picture of the patients’ disease severity and duration, any concomitant health problems, and concomitant medications Ethic Subsection

  38. Treatment In the treatment subsection, the writer specifies the drugs, the dosage regimens evaluated, route and method of administration, and composition of the placebo used. Measurements The writer describes in the measurements subsection the end points that define clinical efficacy Patient’s safety Follow up visits

  39. Statistical Analysis The writer states whether an intent to treat analysis was used in which case the outcomes of all patients were analyzed with the group to which they were originally assigned, whether or not they completed the protocol. If an additional analysis was performed on patients who completed the trial as planned. Two tailed or one tailed Level

  40. CONSORT PROTOCOL Flow diagram of the progress through the phases of a randomized trial

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