§ 10.5 Limits and the Derivative Derivatives of Constants, Power Forms, and Sums

1. The student will learn about: § 10.5 Limits and the Derivative Derivatives of Constants, Power Forms, and Sums the derivative of a constant function, the power rule, a constant times f (x), derivatives of sums and differences, and Dr .Hayk Melikyan Departmen of Mathematics and CS melikyan@nccu.edu an application.

2. WARM UP EXERCISE The ozone level (in parts per billion) on a summer day at R University is given by P(x) = 80 + 12x – x 2 • Where t is hours after 9 am. • Use the two-step process to find P’(x). • Find P(3) and P’(3). • Write an interpretation.

3. Objectives for Section 10.5 Power Rule and Differentiation Properties • The student will be able to calculate the derivative of a constant function. • The student will be able to apply the power rule. • The student will be able to apply the constant multiple and sum and difference properties. • The student will be able to solve applications.

4. Derivative Notation • In the preceding section we defined the derivative of a function. There are several widely used symbols to represent the derivative. Given y = f (x), the derivative of f at x may be represented by any of the following: • f(x) • y • dy/dx

5. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen College Mathematics 12e Example 1 What is the slope of a constant function?

6. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen College Mathematics 12e Example 1(continued) What is the slope of a constant function? The graph of f (x) = C is a horizontal line with slope 0, so we would expect f ’(x) = 0. Theorem 1. Let y = f (x) = C be a constant function, then y = f(x) = 0.

7. THEOREM 2 IS VERY IMPORTANT. IT WILL BE USED A LOT! Power Rule A function of the form f (x) = xn is called a power function. This includes f (x) = x (where n = 1) and radical functions (fractional n). Theorem 2. (Power Rule) Let y = xn be a power function, then y = f(x) = dy/dx = nxn – 1.

8. Example 2 Differentiate f (x) = x5.

9. Example 2 Differentiate f (x) = x5. Solution: By the power rule, the derivative of xn is nxn–1. In our case n = 5, so we get f(x) = 5 x4.

10. Example 3 Differentiate

11. Example 3 Differentiate Solution: Rewrite f (x) as a power function, and apply the power rule:

12. Constant Multiple Property Theorem 3. Let y = f (x) = k u(x) be a constant k times a function u(x). Then y = f(x) = k  u (x). In words: The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the function.

13. Example 4 Differentiate f (x) = 7x4.

14. Example 4 Differentiate f (x) = 7x4. Solution: Apply the constant multiple property and the power rule. f(x) = 7(4x3) = 28 x3.

15. Sum and Difference Properties • Theorem 5. If • y = f (x) = u(x) ± v(x), • then • y = f(x) = u(x) ± v(x). • In words: • The derivative of the sum of two differentiable functions is the sum of the derivatives. • The derivative of the difference of two differentiable functions is the difference of the derivatives.

16. Example 5 Differentiate f (x) = 3x5 + x4 – 2x3 + 5x2 – 7x + 4.

17. Example 5 Differentiate f (x) = 3x5 + x4 – 2x3 + 5x2 – 7x + 4. Solution: Apply the sum and difference rules, as well as the constant multiple property and the power rule. f(x) = 15x4 + 4x3 – 6x2 + 10x – 7.

18. Applications • Remember that the derivative gives the instantaneous rate of change of the function with respect to x. That might be: • Instantaneous velocity. • Tangent line slope at a point on the curve of the function. • Marginal Cost. If C(x) is the cost function, that is, the total cost of producing x items, then C(x) approximates the cost of producing one more item at a production level of x items. C(x) is called the marginal cost.

19. Tangent Line Example Let f (x) = x4 – 6x2 + 10. (a) Find f (x) (b) Find the equation of the tangent line at x = 1

20. Tangent Line Example(continued) • Let f (x) = x4 – 6x2 + 10. • (a) Find f (x) • (b) Find the equation of the tangent line at x = 1 • Solution: • f(x) = 4x3 - 12x • Slope: f(1) = 4(13) – 12(1) = -8.Point: If x = 1, then y = f (1) = 1 – 6 + 10 = 5. Point-slope form: y – y1 = m(x – x1) y – 5 = –8(x –1)y = –8x + 13

21. Application Example • The total cost (in dollars) of producing x portable radios per day is • C(x) = 1000 + 100x – 0.5x2 • for 0 ≤ x ≤ 100. • Find the marginal cost at a production level of x radios.

22. Example(continued) • The total cost (in dollars) of producing x portable radios per day is • C(x) = 1000 + 100x – 0.5x2 • for 0 ≤ x ≤ 100. • Find the marginal cost at a production level of x radios. • Solution: The marginal cost will be • C(x) = 100 – x.

23. Example(continued) • Find the marginal cost at a production level of 80 radios and interpret the result.

24. Example(continued) • Find the marginal cost at a production level of 80 radios and interpret the result. • Solution:C(80) = 100 – 80 = 20. • It will cost approximately $20 to produce the 81st radio. • Find the actual cost of producing the 81st radio and compare this with the marginal cost.

25. Example(continued) • Find the marginal cost at a production level of 80 radios and interpret the result. • Solution:C(80) = 100 – 80 = 20. • It will cost approximately $20 to produce the 81st radio. • Find the actual cost of producing the 81st radio and compare this with the marginal cost. • Solution: The actual cost of the 81st radio will be • C(81) – C(80) = $5819.50 – $5800 = $19.50. • This is approximately equal to the marginal cost.

26. Summary • If f (x) = C, then f(x) = 0 • If f (x) = xn, then f(x) = nxn-1 • If f (x) = ku(x), then f(x) = ku(x) • If f (x) = u(x) ± v(x), then f(x) = u(x) ± v(x).

27. Practice Problems §3.4 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 83, 87,89.

28. Hayk Melikyan/ MATH2000/ Learning Objectives for Section 10.6 Differentials • The student will be able to apply the concept of increments. • The student will be able to compute differentials. • The student will be able to calculate approximations using differentials.

29. Increments In a previous section we defined the derivative of f at x as the limit of the difference quotient: Increment notation will enable us to interpret the numerator and the denominator of the difference quotient separately.

30. Example Let y = f (x) = x3. If x changes from 2 to 2.1, then y will change from y = f (2) = 8 to y = f (2.1) = 9.261. We can write this using increment notation. The change in x is called the increment in x and is denoted by x.  is the Greek letter “delta”, which often stands for a difference or change. Similarly, the change in y is called the increment in y and is denoted by y. In our example, x = 2.1 – 2 = 0.1 y = f (2.1) – f (2) = 9.261 – 8 = 1.261.

31. Graphical Illustration of Increments For y = f (x) x = x2 - x1 y = y2 - y1 x2 = x1 + x = f (x2) – f (x1) = f (x1 + x) – f (x1) (x2, f (x2)) • y represents the change in y corresponding to a x change in x. • x can be either positive or negative. y (x1, f (x1)) x1 x2 x

32. Differentials Assume that the limit exists. For small x, Multiplying both sides of this equation by x gives us y  f ’(x) x. Here the increments x and y represent the actual changes in x and y.

33. Differentials(continued) One of the notations for the derivative is If we pretend that dx and dy are actual quantities, we get We treat this equation as a definition, and call dx and dydifferentials.

34. Interpretation of Differentials x and dx are the same, and represent the change in x. The increment y stands for the actual change in y resulting from the change in x. The differential dy stands for the approximate change in y, estimated by using derivatives. In applications, we use dy (which is easy to calculate) to estimate y (which is what we want).

35. Example 1 Find dy for f (x) = x2 + 3x and evaluate dy for x = 2 and dx = 0.1.

36. Example 1 Find dy for f (x) = x2 + 3x and evaluate dy for x = 2 and dx = 0.1. Solution: dy = f ’(x) dx = (2x + 3) dx When x = 2 and dx = 0.1, dy = [2(2) + 3] 0.1 = 0.7.

37. Example 2 Cost-Revenue A company manufactures and sells x transistor radios per week. If the weekly cost and revenue equations are find the approximate changes in revenue and profit if production is increased from 2,000 to 2,010 units/week.

38. Example 2 Solution The profit is We will approximate R and P with dR and dP, respectively, using x = 2,000 and dx = 2,010 – 2,000 = 10.

39. Objectives for Section-10.7 Marginal Analysis • The student will be able to compute: • Marginal cost, revenue and profit • Marginal average cost, revenue and profit • The student will be able to solve applications

40. Marginal Cost Remember that marginal refers to an instantaneous rate of change, that is, a derivative. Definition: If x is the number of units of a product produced in some time interval, then Total cost = C(x) Marginal cost = C’(x)

41. Marginal Revenue and Marginal Profit Definition: If x is the number of units of a product sold in some time interval, then Total revenue = R(x) Marginal revenue = R’(x) If x is the number of units of a product produced and sold in some time interval, then Total profit = P(x) = R(x) – C(x) Marginal profit = P’(x) = R’(x) – C’(x)

42. Marginal Cost and Exact Cost Assume C(x) is the total cost of producing x items. Then the exact cost of producing the (x + 1)st item is C(x + 1) – C(x). The marginal cost is an approximation of the exact cost. C’(x) ≈ C(x + 1) – C(x). Similar statements are true for revenue and profit.

43. Example 1 • The total cost of producing x electric guitars is C(x) = 1,000 + 100x – 0.25x2. • Find the exact cost of producing the 51st guitar. • Use the marginal cost to approximate the cost of producing the 51st guitar.

44. Example 1(continued) • The total cost of producing x electric guitars is C(x) = 1,000 + 100x – 0.25x2. • Find the exact cost of producing the 51st guitar. • The exact cost is C(x + 1) – C(x). • C(51) – C(50) = 5,449.75 – 5375 = $74.75. • Use the marginal cost to approximate the cost of producing the 51st guitar. • The marginal cost is C’(x) = 100 – 0.5x • C’(50) = $75.

45. Marginal Average Cost Definition: If x is the number of units of a product produced in some time interval, then Average cost per unit Marginal average cost

46. Marginal Average Revenue Marginal Average Profit If x is the number of units of a product sold in some time interval, then Average revenue per unit Marginal average revenue If x is the number of units of a product produced and sold in some time interval, then Average profit per unit Marginal average profit

47. Warning! To calculate the marginal averages you must calculate the average first (divide by x), and then the derivative. If you change this order you will get no useful economic interpretations. STOP

48. Example 2 The total cost of printing x dictionaries is C(x) = 20,000 + 10x 1. Find the average cost per unit if 1,000 dictionaries are produced.

49. Example 2(continued) The total cost of printing x dictionaries is C(x) = 20,000 + 10x 1. Find the average cost per unit if 1,000 dictionaries are produced. = $30

50. Example 2(continued) • Find the marginal average cost at a production level of 1,000 dictionaries, and interpret the results.