BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AFTER DAYTON AGREEMENT

1. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINAAFTER DAYTON AGREEMENT

2. War in Bosnia and DaytonProcess • War in Bosnia and Herzegovina wasbetween April 1992 and December 1995. BosnianSerbforcesattacked the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina in order to secure Serbian territory. • In 1995, NATO intervened during the 1995 Operation Deliberate Force against the positions of the Army of RepublikaSrpska. • The international community pressured Milosevix, Tudjman and Izetbegovic to the negotiation table.The war was came to an end after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 14 December 1995.

3. InternationalOrganizations in Bosnia • Nato, Osce, UN and its agencies have been engaged in the mission of transforming society into a economically and politically viable state. Briefly for keeping peace. • IFOR:The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in December 1995 to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement. • SFOR:SFOR helped to maintain a secure environment and facilitate the country’s reconstruction in the wake of the 1992-1995 war. • EUFOR:The mission of the EU’s Operation Althea has beento ensure continued compliance with the 1995 Dayton peace agreement and contributeto a secure environment and Bosnia’s efforts towards European integration. • OHR:The Office of the High Representative (OHR) is the chief civilian peace implementation agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

4. PoliticalStructure of BiHunder the DaytonRegime • The Peace Agreement established Bosnia-Herzegovina as a state comprising two Entities, each with a high degree of autonomy: the RepublikaSrpska (RS) and the Federation (FBiH). • The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's total area, while RepublikaSrpska covers 49%. • The Brčko District in the north of the country was created in 2000 out of land from both entities. It officially belongs to both, but is governed by neither, and functions under a decentralized system of local government.

6. RepublikaSrpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina • ByDayton, RepublikaSrpska is recognize as a radicallyautonomouspoliticalunit. (RS) • The otherconstitutiveentity of the state is Bosniac and Croatallianceswhich is called as Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (FBiH) • The Federation was decentralized and dividedinto ten cantons. • There is Inter-EntityBoundaryLine (IEBL) between RS and the rest of the country.

7. Another level of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political subdivision is manifested in cantons. • The last level of political division in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the municipalities. • As a result of the Dayton Accords, the civilian peace implementation is supervised by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina selected by the Peace Implementation Council.

8. ConstitutionalStructure & Contents • There arethreeconstitutions: the constitution of the common state of Bosnia&Herzegovina, and the constitutions of itsEntities.(RS and FBiH) • The legislative organ of stateconsists of a bicameralParliamentaryAssembly.

9. Articlesgivesome important rights to the citizens. • 1.4guarantees ‘freedom of movement’. • 2.5grants ‘allrefugees and displacedpersonshave the right to returmtheirhomes of origin’. • 1.7stipulatesthat there shall be a citizenship of Bosnia& Herzegovina and a citizenship of eachEntity. • 3.2saysthat the Entitiesshallhave the right to establishspecialparallelrelationshipswithneighbouringstates. • All of these contentshaveresults in social life,especiallyreturn of refugees was the important process.

10. Promotion of HumanRights • Inthisrespect,the issue of return of refugees has the most important part. Somerefugeesfrommajorityareashavereturnedhomeoroptedfor a newplace to live. • Another important thing is also reintegration of refugees. • Many refugees do not want to return in shortterm. Because many of themfindthemselveshomeless in theirreturn. • The most notable war criminals remain at large, sheltered bynationalists in RepublikaSrpska and to date by the Serbian government.

11. EconomicReconstruction • Under the leadership of World Bank a program of economicreconstruction was drawnup. • Unemployementstill can be seen as a problem. • The konvertibilnamarka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998. • Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europecontrol most of the banking sector.

12. Elections and Effects • Republican government with a collective presidency and a republican legislature, with two-thirds (28) of the legislative seats allocated to representatives of the Muslim-Croat entity. 14 September 1996 • Alija Izetbegovic, a Muslim candidate, won the highest number of votes in the collective presidential race followed by Mr. MomciloKrajisnik (Bosnian Serb) and Mr. KresimirZubak (Bosnian Croat).

13. 12-13 September 1998 • Elections were held for all the seats in the House of Representatives. • Despite the Dayton accords and subsequent Western efforts to reintegrate Bosnia, voting results revealed that the country was still largely divided along ethnic lines. 11 November 2000 • Eighteen political parties ran for the 42 seats in the lower house of the State Parliament, the House of Representatives. • Final results showed that Serbs and Croats had stood by their nationalist parties, while Muslims had dispersed their vote between nationalist, centrist and leftist parties.

14. 5 October 2002 • The three largest nationalist parties, the SDA, the SDS, and the HDZ, were confirmed as the clear winners. • The new joint Presidency was formed by SulejmanTihic (SDA), MirkoSarovic (SDS) and DraganCovic (HDZ). The three of them were sworn in in Sarajevo on 28 October 2002 1 October 2006 • Proposed amendments to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina were the main issue in the run-up to the 2006 elections.

15. The three nationalist parties gained fewer seats than in 2002. • NebojsaRadmanovic of the Party of IndependentSocialDemocrats (Serb SNSD) , Haris Silajdic (BosniakSBiH) and ZelijkoKomsic (Croat SDP) won the tripartitepresidentialelections. They were subsequentlyinaugurated on 6 November 2006.

16. EU Process • The citizens of Bosnia are united in wanting EU accession and its benefits.Ethnically based political parties still can thwart the state and prevent Bosnia from entering the EU. • Bosnia and Herzegovina is a potential candidate country for EU accession following the Thessaloniki European Council of June 2003 • A recent report by the Venice Commission outlines the reforms necessary to prepare the state for the accession process.

17. Evaluation of the DaytonAgreement • All of these aspectsgenerallyshowedthat there is no expectedintegrationbetween the ethnicities in the BiH. • With the process of EU accession, there were madeconstitutionalchanges,however the source of changescomesfromexternalfactors • Although the Ohr and the Constitutionalcourtactagainstdisintegration, there is still not mutualtrustbetween the people. Because the nationalistpartiesstill in charge. • The top two indicted Bosnian Serb war criminals - Radovan Karadzic and RatkoMladic-enjoying an almost mythic heroic status among their fellow Serbs.