4. Personality Disorders

1. 4. Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality.

2. Three Clusters • Ten distinct personality clusters are characterized into three basic clusters Odd, eccentric cluster • Paranoid Personality Disorder • Schizoid Personality Disorder • Schizotypal Personality Disorder Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster • Antisocial Personality Disorder • Borderline Personality Disorder • Histrionic Personality Disorder • Narcissistic Personality Disorder Anxious, fearful cluster • Avoidant Personality Disorder • Dependent Personality Disorder • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

3. Cluster A: Odd Eccentric Cluster

4. Paranoid Personality Disorder • Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives. • Usually without any basis for mistrust

5. Paranoid Personality Disorder • They search for hidden meanings in everything and read hostile intentions into the actions of others. • quick to challenge the loyalties of friends and loved ones • often appear cold and distant to others. • usually shift blame to others and tend to carry long grudges. • 3% of population • Blame others for own shortcomings

6. Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster

7. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves. • Don’t usually think about consequences • Prone to criminal behavior • Tend to lie and steal

8. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Often referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths • Evidence is seen in behaviors in childhood or early adolescence • They often blame the victim for their own stupidity • Middle to late adulthood tendencies tend to diminish

9. Murderer Normal Biological Link to Anti-Social Behavior? • PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex

10. Borderline Personality Disorder • characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and impulsivity People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger. Most commonly diagnosed

11. Histrionic Personality Disorder They need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation. Exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing everyone loves them

12. Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. • Thinking that you are the center of the universe. Justin Bieber at the Anne Frank House: “I hope Anne Frank would have been a belieber.”

13. Narcissistic Personality DisorderStart at 2:34 They tend to be choosy about picking friends, since they believe that not just anyone is worthy of being their friend. They are generally uninterested in the feelings of others and may take advantage of them.

14. Cluster C:Anxious, fearful cluster

15. Dependent personality disorder • characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. • has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others

16. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder • characterized by a general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules and procedures, perfectionism, and excessive orderliness. • people with OCPD tend to stress perfectionism above all else, and feel anxious when they perceive that things aren't "right".

17. 7. Schizophrenic DisordersLiterally means “split mind” • About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. • General onset is between 18-24 • Affects men and women equally, but men’s symptoms are more severe

18. Schizophrenia is characterized by: Disorganized and delusional thinking. Disturbed perceptions. Inappropriate emotions and actions.

19. Positive v. Negative Symptoms • Negative Symptoms • Absence of appropriate ones. • Positive Symptoms • Presence of inappropriate symptoms

20. Disorganized Thinking & Speech (+) • The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. • Breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information  strong correlation with ADHD Disorganized speech (“word salad”)

21. Delusions (false beliefs) (+) • Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur

22. Disturbed Perceptions (+) • hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

23. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions (-) • Laugh at inappropriate times. • Flat Effect • Senseless, compulsive acts. • Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

24. Types of Schizophrenia

25. types of schizophrenia • Disorganized • Late teen onset • Worst personality deterioration • Incoherent speech (word salad) • Very primitive or inappropriate behavior (laughing at a funeral) • Inappropriate affect (mood) • Uncontrolled grinning and laughter • Shabby appearance • Paranoid • Late teens to early 20s onset • Delusions of persecution or grandeur that result from a misinterpretation of reality • Person is often very agitated • Popularized on television (A Beautiful Mind) Paranoid Schizophrenic at Charlotte City Hall Meeting • Catatonic • Onset in early 20s • Mostly negative symptoms • Periods of excitability followed by deep withdrawal • Parrot-like repeating of others speech and movements • Waxy flexibility • Undifferentiated • A type of schizophrenia in which symptoms do not fit neatly into any of the specific categories (DSM-V) • Childhood Schizophrenia

26. Brain Abnormalities causes/effects(?) of schizophrenia Dopamine Overactivity Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine receptors in the brain. Knowing this, what kind of medication would a person suffering with schizophrenia most likely be prescribed: a dopamine AGONIST OR a dopamine ANTAGONIST?

27. Brain Abnormalities causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia Abnormal Brain Activity Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, andamygdala of schizophrenic patients. Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health

28. causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia Enlarged Ventricles Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC

29. causes (?) of schizophrenia Viral Infection Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.

30. 40 30 20 10 0 Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin geneticfactors The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is almost 50% if their identical twin has the disease

31. Biopsychosocial model Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed. The genetically identical Genain sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors. Genain Sisters

32. Facticious Disorders Facticious Disorders: are conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms. Ex. Münchausen syndrome: psychiatric disorder where one fakes physical or psychological illnesses or diseases to gain sympathy for themselves. Münchausen syndrome by proxy: involves inflicting physical symptoms on others usually a child to gain sympathy.

33. Other Disorders • Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) • Fetishism • sadist, masochist • Eating Disorders • Substance use disorders • ADHD

34. Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders EthnicityGender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6