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Life’s Chemistry

Life’s Chemistry. Chapter 3. Carbon Compounds. Organic compounds compounds of living organisms All contain Carbon atoms Has 4 available electrons -valence electrons Allows for great variety of compounds Rings Chains branches. Functional Groups.

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Life’s Chemistry

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  1. Life’s Chemistry Chapter 3

  2. Carbon Compounds • Organic compounds • compounds of living organisms • All contain Carbon atoms • Has 4 available electrons -valence electrons • Allows for great variety of compounds • Rings • Chains • branches

  3. Functional Groups • A cluster of atoms that influence or control the molecule they are a part of and who they react with • Hydroxyl (OH) – part of all alcohols (carbohydrates) and lipids • Carboxyl (COOH) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins, also part of lipids • Amine (NH2) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins • Phosphates – (PO4) – found in nucleic acids, and sugars (carbohydrates)

  4. Functional Groups, cont • Hydrocarbons – molecules that contain only C & H • Ex. Gasoline • Add a functional group – changes the hydrocarbon • FG can be molecules that contain P, S, N that change function of hydrocarbon

  5. Life depends on FOUR Major Organic Molecules Molecules that contain carbon in combination with hydrogen and functional groups Four major groups: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  6. POLYMERS EXPAND PROPERTIES OF MONOMERS Monomer – single unit molecules Polymers: - monomers bonded together • Creates different characteristics • Prefix – indicates number of monomers bonded • Mono-1 • Di-2 • Tri-3 • Oligo -5 to 100 • Poly – more than 100

  7. Large Carbon Molecule • Monomer – small simple molecules • Polymers - repeated monomers

  8. Building Polymers Relies on Common Chemical Reactions • Dehydration synthesis – the process of building polymers • Made by loosing a water molecule • Hydrolysis - the process of breaking down polymers by inserting water • Ex. Digestion

  9. Creating and Breaking polymers • Dehydration synthesis: at H on one monomer and OH on another monomer • Hydrolysis – breaks monomers apart

  10. Carbohydrates • Organic molecules • Made of CHO • Source of immediate energy • Sugars and starches • Found in pasta, breads, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, etc. • Monosaccharide has 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O • Differs by how many C they contain (3-7) • Differ by how many atoms are bonded together

  11. Carbohydrates, con’t • Glucose is the simplest sugar- that provides energy for cells • Most common: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), galactose • Isomers – same formula but different shape • Glucose- blood sugar • Fructose – fruit sugar • Galactose

  12. Carbohydrates, con’t • Disaccharides- smallest complex carb • 2 monos bonded together via dehydration • Sucrose (table sugar)= fructose + glucose • Found in sugarcane, sugar beets • Lactose (milk sugar) =glucose + glactose • Maltose – 2 glucose bonded • Provides energy in sprouting seeds • Used to make beer

  13. Carbohydrates, con’t • Polysaccharide- provide energy storage and structure • Chains of sugars bonded together (aka complex carbohydrate) – up to 1000’s of monomers- usually glucose • .

  14. Carbohydrates, con’tPolysaccharides’ con’t • Cellulose – found in plant cell walls – hard/impossible to digest

  15. Carbohydrates, con’tPolysaccharides’ con’t • Starch – STORED within cell plants – easy to digest • Chitin – 2nd most common in nature • Resembles cellulose, but OH functional group replaced with one that has N • Forms exoskeleton of many arthropods (insects, spiders crustaceans) and cell wall of fungi Starch

  16. Lipids • Lipid – composed of fat and oil • Nonpolar organic molecule • Composed of CHO – no ratio, some P, less O than carbs • Dissolve organic solvents but not in water • Necessary for vitamin uptake • Necessary for growth • Store lots of energy (2X/g than carbs)

  17. Lipids, con’t • Compose most of cell membranes (phospholipids) • Humans – nerve transmission speeds up due to lipids around nerves (mylin) • Waxes coat leaves, fur and feathers (water repellent) • Human milk – rich in lipids • Fat cells become adipose tissue in animals (white adipose • Brown adipose – in hibernating animals – converts directly to heat

  18. Lipids, con’t • Fatty Acids- most abundant type of LIPID • Hydrophobic ends (water hating)- typical of both ends of a FA • Make up phospholipids and Triglycerides (not waxes and sterols) • Simplest lipid in nature • Hydrocarbons up to 36 C with acidic funtional group at one end

  19. Lipids, con’tFatty acid, con’t • Can be saturated FA– • all C-C single bonds • holds all the H possible • Solid at room temp • Not healthy- butter or lard • Unsaturated FA • some C=C double bonds • Causes FA to kink and spread tails • More H could be added • Liquid at room temp • Plants are more unsaturated – olive oil • More healthy fat

  20. Lipids, types con’t • Triglycerides • 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol (dehydration synthesis) • Saturated : butter and animal fat, solid at room temp • Saturated with hydrogen – no double bonds • Unsaturated: plant seeds, soft and liquid at room temp • DOUBLE bonds – mono unsaturated = 1 double bond • Phospholipids • Found in cell membranes (lipid bi-layer) • 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol attached to a phosphate • Has one FA replaced by a phosphate group • Phosphate is VERY negative –hydrophilic • Other end is hydrophobic

  21. Lipids, types con’t • Sterols – make up hormones and Cholersterol • 4 fused carbon rings • Slight changes yield • Hormones • Vitamins • Cholesterol • Produced in liver • Keeps cell membranes fluid • Can be modified into Sex hormones – testosterone and estrogen

  22. Lipids, types con’t • Waxes protect cells • Long FA attached + alcohol (OH functional group • Waterproof plants, water repellent, waterproof fur, feathers, leaves, fruits, some stems.

  23. ProteinsHighly Diverse Molecules • Organic compound • Made of CHON + S or P

  24. Protein, con’t • Amino acid composed of • Amine (NH2) • Carboxyl group • R group (unique to each amino acid) • H atom • Central C atom • Proteins are polypeptides • 20 naturally occurring amino acids • Makes infinite variety of proteins

  25. Proteins, con’t • Monomer is called an amino acid- makes a poly peptide chain • Polymer is amino acids bonded to each other • Peptide bonds created by dehydration synthesis – carboxyl group of one aa and nitrogen group of another aa • Dipeptide, tri, oligo and poly etc

  26. Proteins have a 3-dimensional shape (conformation): • primary (1o) structure- amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain • secondary (2o) structure- coiling & folding produced by hydrogen bonds • tertiary (3o) structure- shape created by interactions between R groups • quarternary (4o) structure - shape created by interactions between two or more polypeptides A change to the shape of a protein causes denaturation.

  27. Levels of Protein Structure • Primary chain • Secondary – H bonds between parts of peptide backbone • Coils, sheets, loops, combination of all 3 • Motifs, common patterns from secondary fold • Alpha helices • Beta-pleated sheets • Tertiary- interactions between R groups with each other or water • Disulfide bond • Abundant in keratin (forms hair, scales, beaks, wool, and hooves • Causes the permanent wave in hair curls • Quaternary • More than one poly peptide • Held together by H or ionic bonds hemoglobin

  28. Proteins, con’t • Functions • Movement – muscle compounds are protein • Structure – forms connective fibers

  29. Proteins, con’t • Functions, con’t • Transport – hemoglobin transports oxygen • Storage – casein in milk stores amino acids for babies

  30. Proteins, con’t • Functions, con’t • Regulation – some hormones – insulin

  31. Proteins, con’t • Functions, con’t • Defense – antibodies are proteins

  32. Proteins, con’t • Functions, con’t • Biochemical control – enzymes (life’s catalysts) • Proteins that speed up reactions • Substrate – what the enzyme is acting upon- substance being changed • Active site – where the enzyme binds and where change takes place

  33. Protein, con’t • Denaturation – caused by loss of homeostasis • Destroys structure • Soap breaks ionic hydrophbic interactions • Salting does the same • Heat also

  34. Nucleic Acids-Carriers of the Genetic Blue Print • VERY large molecules • Two kinds • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • Contain hereditary information • Double helix • RNA- ribonucleic acid • Transfers DNA information to make proteins • Some act as enzymes • Single strand

  35. Nucleic Acid, con’t • Complex molecule containing nucleotides • Sugars • DNA – deoxy-ribose sugar (5 carbon) • RNA – ribose sugar (5 carbon) • Phosphates • Nitrogen bases • DNA • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine • RNA • Cytosine • Guanine • Adenine • Urasil

  36. DNA • Contain information that will be copied to RNA • Information leads to protein production by cell • 3 bases in a row will code for a specific amino acid • Aa adding up to a protein is part of the genetic code • Gene • Codes for an entire protein • 2 strands of DNA are said to be “complimentary”

  37. RNA • Single strand • Makes use of DNA information without damaging DNA • Some RNA acts as enzymes • ATP is an RNA nucleotide • Carries energy for all biological functions • Urisil (U) (only in RNA)

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