Education and Popular Culture Section 3

1. Education and Popular CultureSection 3 • School Enrollment • More students attended high school • Sparked by prosperous times and higher educational standards for industry jobs • High Schools focus changed from preparing only college bound students to preparing students for vocational jobs as well. • Schools were responsible for Americanizing Immigrant children. • Taxes increased to pay for more schools.

2. Mass Culture: Magazines http://www.time.com/time/personoftheyear/archive/covers/1927.html Literacy Rates were high and newspapers and magazines were available for Americans. Tabloids lured readers. http://www.ellisparkerbutler.info/epb/coverart.asp?p=Better+Homes+and+Gardens Time Magazine started in the 1920’s. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/rekas/attic/main.htm http://lancefuhrer.com/life3.htm http://www.ellisparkerbutler.info/epb/coverart.asp?p=Red+Book http://www.ellisparkerbutler.info/epb/coverart.asp?p=Saturday+Evening+Post

3. Mass Culture: RadioThe most powerful communication medium to emerge in the 1920’s. • As the popularity of radio expanded, advertisers began sponsoring radio shows to appeal to consumers. • By the end of the decade, 40% of homes had radio receivers. • Radio dance parties were common. • In the 1920’s, radio was a formal affair. Announcers and musicians dressed in their finest attire, even without a live audience. Listening to radio was a new experience in the early 1920s, and boys were ardent enthusiasts of the emerging technology.Bettmann/Corbis http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/09/dayintech_0929 http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/3on1/radioshow/1920radio.htm

4. Mass Culture: Music and the Music Industry • Although the phonograph first became available at the turn of the century, the device became more popular as sturdy disc recordings replaced delicate wax cylinders during World War I. • As America developed mass culture through film, advertising, and radio, previously isolated musical styles blended to produce lively and often rebellious radio hits. • Record companies profited as Americans snapped up dance records and new, exciting types of music. http://www.lawlessdecade.net/20-61.htm Listen to Dance Music @ http://www.besmark.com/danc3c.html Learn how to dance the Charleston: http://lancefuhrer.com/charleston.htm

5. George Gershwin • Known for merging traditional elements of music with American Jazz. • Rhapsody in Blue • Concerto in F http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/george-gershwin/about-the-composer/65/ Visit the Official Site @ http://www.gershwin.com/

6. Baseball in the 1920’s • Babe Ruth • The Sultan of Swat • Home Run record of 60 • Lou Gehrig • The Iron Horse • Record for consecutive games played-2,130 http://www.lawlessdecade.net/27-1.htm https://www.msu.edu/~jeakleke/babe2.htm See Official Babe Ruth Web page: http://www.baberuth.com/

7. http://www.lawlessdecade.net/24-11.htm Red Grange • “ The Galloping Ghost” • Premier Running Back for the University of Illinois • Scored 4 touchdowns in 12 minutes • Played for the Chicago Bears http://www.lawlessdecade.net/

8. Knute Rockne Visit Official Site @ http://www.knuterockne.com/ • Knute Kenneth Rockne is highly regarded as college football's greatest head coach. • As Notre Dame's head coach from 1918 to 1930, Rockne set the greatest all-time winning percentage of .881. This mark still ranks at the top of the list for both college and professional football. • During his 13-year tenure as head coach of the Fighting Irish, Rockne collected 105 victories, 12 losses, five ties and six national championships. • He also coached Notre Dame to five undefeated seasons without a tie. • Died in a plane crash near Matfield Green, Kansas Visit Unofficial Site @ http://www.knuterockne.net/ Visit Crash Site @ http://www.kansasphototour.com/rockne.htm

9. Jones at age 14, in the 1916 U.S. Amateur Bobby Jones http://www.bobbyjones.com/index.htm l • Jones is most famous for his unique "Grand Slam," consisting of his victory in all four major golf tournaments of his era (the open and amateur championships in both the U.S. & Britain) in a single calendar year (1930). • Co-designed the Augusta National course with Alister MacKenzie, and founded The Masters Tournament, first played at Augusta in March 1934. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer) http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014123.html https://www.msu.edu/~jeangue1/iahweb.htm

10. http://www.lawlessdecade.net/27-21.htm The Famous LONG COUNT Jack Dempsey • BIRTH NAME: William Harrison Dempsey • NAME CHANGE: Changed his name to Jack Dempsey at the age of 19. • NICKNAMES: • 'The Manassa Mauler' • 'Kid Blackie' • 'Young Dempsey‘ • World Heavy Weight Crown from 1919-1926 • Suffered 2nd defeat to Gene Tunney in 1927 Official Jack Dempsey site: http://www.cmgww.com/sports/dempsey/index.php

11. Helen Wills • Helen Wills was widely considered one of the greatest female tennis players of all time. • Known as “Little Miss Poker Face” • Wills won 31 Grand Slam titles (singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles) during her career, including seven singles titles at the U.S. Championships, eight singles titles at Wimbledon, and four singles titles at the French Championships. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Wills_Moody http://aeltc.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/helen_willsmoody.html http://tennis.quickfound.net/history/suzanne_lenglen_helen_wills.html http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=95

12. Big Bill Tilden • Bill Tilden (1893-1953) • Known as "Big Bill" • The first American tennis player to compete at Wimbledon - and the first American winner. • During the 1920s, he was undefeated for seven years. • His book The Art of Tennis is still regarded as a classic in the game. • "In the 1920s and 1930s, Bill Tilden was to tennis what Babe Ruth was to baseball." Kim Shanley on tennisone.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilden http://www.answers.com/topic/bill-tilden http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016509.html

13. Gertrude Ederle • In 1926, at the age of 19, she became the 1st women to swim the English Channel and broke the record previously held be a man. • 14 hours and 39 minutes

14. Charles Lindbergh flew the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic in a record 33 hours and 29 minutes • Instantly became America’s Hero • “Spirit of St. Louis” http://www.charleslindbergh.com/

15. Mass Culture: The Movies • Silent Films • Films celebrated themes like consumerism, romance, exotic locales, and new fashions. • Young people emulated the glamorous Hollywood elite just as they do today, raising much concern among parents. • Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow- two sex symbols and film icons of the Jazz Age. http://www.goldensilents.com/

16. Walt Disney and Steamboat Willie • Disney's Steamboat Willie is a landmark in the history of animation. It was the first Mickey Mouse film released and the first cartoon with synchronized sound. It threw silent animation into obsolescence, and launched an empire. http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=89284 http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/steamboat/steamboat.html http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/masterworks/steamboat/index.html

17. The Jazz Singer & End of Silent Movies • Although it was not the first film to incorporate an element of sound, the 1927 Warner Brothers film The Jazz Singer is widely credited with heralding in the age of "talkies" and the end of the silent film era. • The star Al Jolson appears in blackface in the film. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson

18. http://www.lawlessdecade.net/26-11.htm Rudolf Valentino – “The Sheik” http://www.goldensilents.com/stars/rudolphvalentino.html http://www.goldensilents.com/stars/rudolphvalentino.html In Death http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino Rudolph Valentino Site http://www.lawlessdecade.net/26-1.htm A Sainted Devil http://www.rudolph-valentino.com/

19. Clara Bow – The “It” Girl http://www.lawlessdecade.net/261.htm http://www.lawlessdecade.net/26.htm http://www.moviemaidens.com/

20. Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart” http://www.moviemaidens.com/

21. Douglas Fairbanks Fairbanks as Robin Hood http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks Douglas and Mary Pickford, his 2nd Wife http://www.goldensilents.com/stars/douglasfairbanks.html

22. Charlie Chaplin – “The Little Tramp” http://www.goldensilents.com/comedy/charleschaplin.html Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan, in the classic silent film "The Kid" (1921)

23. Georgia O’Keeffe • Produced intensely colored canvases that captured the grandeur of New York City. • Later became famous for her paintings of the southwest • Skulls • Flowers • Desert Landscapes View her work @ http://www.okeeffemuseum.org/home.aspx

24. Sinclair Lewis • The first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. • Wrote Main Street and Babbitt • Theme was to show the shallow, stifling existence of middle class America • See excerpt of Babbitt on page 450 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1930/lewis-autobio.html

25. H.L. Mencken • Henry Louis Mencken (1880 - 1956) • by Gibbons Burke • The most prominent newspaperman, book reviewer, and political commentator of his day, Henry Louis Mencken was a libertarian before the word came into usage. His prose is as clear as an azure sky, and his rhetoric as deadly as a rifle shot. • Frequent targets of his lance were Franklin Roosevelt and New Deal politics, Comstocks, hygenists, "uplifters", social reformers of any stripe, boobs & quacks, and the insatiable American appetite for nonsense and gaudy sham. • But his life was not defined by negativity. He was positively enthusiastic about to the writings of Twain and Conrad, the music of Brahms, Beethoven and Bach, and the victuals offered up by Chesapeake Bay. • Mencken's writing is endearing because of its wit, its crisp style, and the obvious delight he takes in it. http://www.io.com/~gibbonsb/mencken.html

26. Literature and Poetry in the Jazz Age: The Lost Generation Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer who spent most of her life in France, and who became a catalyst in the development of modern art and literature. Coined “Lost Generation”, • Lost Generation Writers • Expatriate Writers – lived in Europe because of a dissatisfaction with the U.S. • Ernest Hemingway • F. Scott Fitzgerald • John Dos Passos • Ezra Pound • T.S. Elliot Photo By Carl Van Vechten http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stein/stein.htm

27. F. Scott Fitzgerald http://www.lawlessdecade.net/24-11.htm • Wrote: The Great Gatsby • Coined the “Jazz Age” • F. Scott Fitzgerald often wrote critically about the illusions of wealth and fame, while at the same time partaking in the excesses of celebrity and striving for immortality in literature. F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald He suffered from alcoholism and she struggled with mental illness after years behind the facade of glamour and celebrity. . Visit the following: http://www.pbs.org/kteh/amstorytellers/bios.html

28. Ernest Hemingway • Ernest Hemingway’s dense, understated writing style became a model for generations of writers. He wrote for "the lost generation," of young men who came of age in the trenches of World War I and were unable to settle back into the norms of traditional society.WW I veteran. • Introduced tough, simplified style of writing using “hard, little sentences” • Criticized the glorification of war http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/hemingway/index-paris.htm Check out Site: http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/hemingway/index.htm Explore Michael Palin’s Heminway Adventures @ http://www.pbs.org/hemingwayadventure/index.html

29. Algonquin Round Table • The Algonquin Round Table was a celebrated group of New York City writers, critics, actors and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of "The Vicious Circle," as they dubbed themselves, gathered for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_Round_Table

30. Dorothy Parker • Dorothy Parker was one of the most successful and influential women writers of her era. • Member of the Algonquin Round Table http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/parker/ “ Men seldom make passesAt girls who wear glasses.” Dorothy Parker, Not So Deep as a Well (1937), "News Item" U.S. author, humorist, poet, & wit (1893 - 1967)

31. The Flapper by Dorothy Parker The playful flapper here we see,The fairest of the fair.She's not what Grandma used to be, --You might say, au contraire.Her girlish ways may make a stir,Her manners cause a scene,But there is no more harm in herThan in a submarine. She nightly knocks for many a goalThe usual dancing men.Her speed is great, but her controlIs something else again.All spotlights focus on her pranks.All tongues her prowess herald.For which she well may render thanksTo God and Scott Fitzgerald. Her golden rule is plain enough -Just get them young and treat them rough.

32. Edna St. Vincent Millay One of the premier twentieth-century lyric poets First Fig by Edna St. Vincent Millay My candle burns at both ends; It will not last the night; But ah, my foes, and oh, my friends— It gives a lovely light. http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/ednamillay/index.shtml#bio http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/millay/millay.htm

33. Other Writers • T.S. Elliot • Ezra Pound • Edith Warton – dramatized the clash between traditional and modern values that had undermined high society 50 years earlier. • Willa Cather – celebrated the simple, dignified lives of people such as immigrant farmers of Nebraska in My Antonia and O Pioneers!. http://www.willacather.org/ http://cather.unl.edu/gallery.html