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Waves: Types, Characteristics, and Behavior

Learn about waves, rhythmic disturbances that carry energy, different types like transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves, and their characteristics like wavelength, amplitude, and frequency. Discover wave behaviors like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference, along with concepts like polarization and the Doppler effect.

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Waves: Types, Characteristics, and Behavior

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  1. Chapter 17 WAVES

  2. What is a Wave? • Waves-rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space • Medium-material through which a wave can travel and transfer energy • *solid, liquid, gas, or combination

  3. Three main types • Transverse Wave-medium move at right angle to direction of wave • Longitudinal Waves-matter vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels, parallel • Surface Wave-travels along a surface separating two media, most common are ocean waves

  4. Transverse Wave Wavelength Crest Amplitude _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _rest point (equilibrium) _ _ Trough

  5. Transverse Wave • Crest-highest point of the wave above the rest point • Trough-lowest point below the rest point • Wavelength-distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next cycle of the wave

  6. Transverse Wave • Amplitude-max displacement of the medium from its rest point, corresponds to the amt. of energy a wave carries (more energy = greater amplitude)

  7. Transverse Wave • Frequency-# of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second, measured in Hertz (Hz) (Increasing Frequency = wavelength decreases) • Period-time it takes for one wavelength to pass a point (Increasing Frequency = period decreases)

  8. Longitudinal Waves Longitudinal Waves-matter vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels, parallel

  9. Longitudinal Waves aka compressional waves • compression-area where particles in a medium are spaced close together • rarefaction-area where particles in a medium are spread out

  10. Surface Wave Surface Wave-travels along a surface separating two media, most common are ocean waves

  11. Wave velocity Wave speed frequency wavelength Velocity of wave = wavelength x frequency V w =  (lambda) x f [m/s] = [m] x [Hz]

  12. Wave Speed • One end of a rope is vibrated to produce a wave with a wavelength of 0.25meters. The frequency of a wave is 3 hertz. What is the speed of the wave?

  13. Wave Speed • Wavelength = 0.25m • Frequency = 3Hz • Speed =?

  14. Transverse Wave & Friends • Draw a transverse wave (from your notes) • Label the following parts on the wave and then define them below the wave: • Crest - Amplitude - Trough • Wavelength - Rest point (equilibrium) • Give an example of a transverse wave • At the bottom, list the other two wave types, define them, and draw small pics for them!

  15. Behavior of waves • Reflection • wave bounces off a surface that it cannot pass through • does not change speed or frequency, but wave can be flipped upside down

  16. Reflection

  17. Behavior of waves • Refraction • bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle • one side of the wave moves more slowly than the other side

  18. Refraction

  19. Behavior of waves • Diffraction • bending of wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening • diffracts more of its wavelength if large compared to the size of an opening or obstacle

  20. Diffraction

  21. Behavior of waves • Interference • occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together • Two types • constructive-the waves add together • destructive-the waves subtract from each other as they overlap

  22. Constructive

  23. Destructive

  24. Node versus Antinode

  25. Behavior of waves • Polarization • Light with waves that vibrate in one plane is polarized light • Horizontal filter blocks waves vibrating on a vertical plane • Vertical filter blocks waves vibrating on a horizontal plane

  26. Polarization

  27. IAN page 40: How Waves Behave • Determine which picture represents each of the following wave behaviors and label them: • Reflection, refraction, constructive interference, destructive interference, diffraction, polarization • Cut them out and glue them on to page 40 • Under each picture, write the definition for the behavior from the textbook (pg. 508-511) • Don’t worry about writing the def. for polarization! • Make sure under the constructive/destructive interference pics you write their specific definitions!

  28. Sound Speed of sound depends on: • type of medium-solid is the best conductor *no sound on moon or in space • temperature of medium-faster at higher temps

  29. Sound • Intensity – rate at which a wave’s energy flows through a given area • Loudness – human perception, measured in decibels (dB)

  30. Sound Pitch – highness or lowness of a sound • high frequency = high pitch • low frequency = low pitch • humans hear between 20 & 20,000 Hz • Ultrasonic is above 20,000 Hz • Infrasonic (subsonic) is below (thunder)

  31. Sound • Resonance– if the sound that reaches an object is at the same frequency of the object, the object will begin to vibrate at that frequency • Noise pollution– includes sounds that are loud, annoying or harmful to the ear

  32. Why do concert places usually have carpet on walls and floors?

  33. Doppler effect • A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both • Higher pitch, higher frequency as object approaches • Lower pitch, lower frequency as sound source moves away

  34. Laurel or Yanny??? • In your groups… • Research the debate on Laurel or Yanny • Decide what you hear • Listen to it on multiple phones • Listen to it through ear buds • Listen to it through multiple sources • Write an explanation! • Must be at least one paragraph consisting of a minimum of 5 sentences on WHY some people hear Laurel and some people hear Yanny • DUE BY THE END OF CLASS!

  35. PhysiFacts 6.2 5/17 • 1. Define specific heat. • 2. Transfer of energy through the movement of matter = • 3. Transfer of energy through direct contact = • 4. Transfer of energy in the form of waves =

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