Review for Fall Final

1. Review for Fall Final 1/17-18/2013

2. Regions • Examples of Functional Regions-area that is linked by common activity or function. • Bus Routes • Mail Carrier Routes • Police Zones • School Zoning • Examples of Formal Regions-May be decided by geographic or political boundaries or both. • States • Countries

3. Earth’s Spheres The Biosphere- all living things The Lithosphere-Earth’s crust and mantle The Hydrosphere-All water on Earth The Atmosphere- the gases that surround the Earth

4. Biomes • What factors contribute to distinct biomes? • Climate, geography, weather • What is a biome? • A group of ecosystems that coexist and contribute to each other. • What is included in a biome? • Plants, animals, water, air, climate • Are the living organisms in every biome the same? • All biomes have particular and distinct life because not all living things can survive all biomes.

5. Climate • What are the effects of an El Nino weather pattern? • Increased rain • What are monsoons? • Seasonal winds that can bring large amounts of rain. • Which side of a mountain receives the most precipitation? • The side of the mountain that is facing the water source (windward). • Wind blows moisture that has evaporated close to the mountain. The mountain forces the moisture up where it cools, causing the vapor to become precipitation. The moisture never makes it over the mountain top.

6. Ring of Fire • Causes of the Ring of Fire • Movement of Tectonic Plates • Effects of the Ring of Fire • Earthquakes • Tsunamis • Volcanoes

7. Climate • How does latitude effect climate zones? • Latitudes North and South of the Equator receive less direct sunlight than that of the Equator. • As the Earth moves around the sun during the year, the tilt of the Earth affects the amount of energy received from the sun. • The further the latitude from the Equator (high latitudes), the less energy from the sun can be received and stored resulting in varying temperatures and therefore different climate zones.

8. Resources • What are reasons that may be given as rationale for using or destroying a non-renewable resource? • Land use for other economic uses (business, agriculture, ranching) • Where are the world’s largest oil reserves? • The Middle East also known as Southwest Asia • What are imports? Exports? • Imports are goods brought into a region because that region is unable to produce enough of that good to meet their needs • Exports are goods sent to other regions

9. Levels of Development • What are the characteristics of a nation with a low GNP? • GDP • Life Expectancy • Infant Mortality Rate • Birthrate • Literacy Rate • Population

10. Where do people live? In China, agriculture is important to livelihoods. Where is the best agricultural land in China and therefore, the highest population?

11. Urbanization • What are the characteristics of a highly urbanized area? • GDP • Life Expectancy • Infant Mortality Rate • Birthrate • Literacy Rate • Population • What are the characteristics of an area that is not highly urbanized? • GDP • Life Expectancy • Infant Mortality Rate • Birthrate • Literacy Rate • Population

12. Population Pyramids

13. Population • What are causes of population growth? • New technology improve quality of life which leads to increase in life expectancy • Healthcare developments and modernization lead to fewer diseases and therefore lower mortality/death rates.

14. Global Migration • What are causes of Global Migration? • What are Push Factors?-conditions that push a person from their home into another region. • War • Famine/starvation • Economic instability • What are Pull Factors?-conditions that pull a person to a new region from their home. • Jobs • Loved ones • Safety • What is a refugee? A person that is attempting to flee a harmful situation (ESPN) to a new region. Refugees are not always accepted to new region for economic reasons or political reasons. • What is apartheid? –The policy of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948-early 1990s. Similar to segregation in the US.

15. Population Distribution • What factors effect population distribution? • Physical geography-mountains, deserts, water sources • What effect does this have of culture? • Certain landforms may be barriers to the spread of ideas and culture from one place to another. • The Himalayas in Asia prevent the cultures of India and China from easily crossing. • The Sahara Desert prevents the cultures of North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa from being similar.

16. Columbian Exchange

17. Imperialism/Colonialism • How were the boundaries of colonies determined? • The Berlin Conference- European countries divided the continent of Africa to fulfill their own agenda without concern for ethnic and cultural boundaries. Only concern was the resources available. • Examples • Africa-Sudan/Darfur/Rwanda

18. Innovation • What effect did the Panama and Suez Canal have on trade? • Shortened trade routes • Made transport easier • Where is needed for civilization to develop? • Water source • Land for agriculture

19. Culture • What are some barriers to the diffusion of culture? • Physical barriers such as mountains, deserts, water. • Give examples of instances this has occurred. • Himalayas allowed for development of distinct religious beliefs of Hinduism and Buddhism. • What are the characteristics of a traditional society? • Tribal • Subsistence Farming • Community effort • Bartering

20. Culture • What is cultural convergence? • Ideas of individual cultures come together and become similar • Examples • Asian / American- Anime, Music • Religion • What is cultural diffusion? • Spread of ideas • Examples • Spread of Christianity to the Americas • Why would a group experience loss of culture? • Immigration to a new land and take on culture of the new lands population • Emigrants bring new ideas and result in change of culture.

21. Society Theocratic Society-society that is lead by a religious figure Patriarchal Society- society that is lead by the eldest male (father figure) Matriarchal Society- society lead by the eldest female (mother figure)

22. Religion • What is the purpose of … • The Five Pillars of Islam? • The Ten Commandments? • The Eight Fold Path? • All are rules to live a moral life to be considered a good person and be rewarded.

23. Cultural Regions • Resources of : • Southwest Asia/Middle East • Oil • Africa • Minerals • Oil • Gold • Platinum • Why are resources of a region important? • The resources impact the economic power of a region.