Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

1. TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

2. FM 7-100.1 Opposing Force Operations OPFOR FM 7-100.1 Opposing Force: Operations Chapter 9 Air Defense Support

3. All-Arms Air Defense • Air defense considered a mission • Combined arms & joint approach • AD units • Aviation • SPF • Rockets & SSMs • Adaptive tactics for AD & other units • Artillery & mortars • Infantry • Engineers • Affiliated forces

4. Air Defense Concepts • Not purely defensive • Destruction of high-visibility enemy systems important • Enemy aircraft destruction not required • Air defense creates window of opportunity for limited-objective offensive action • Integral to combined arms combat • All air defense weapons & equipment are part of integrated air defense system

5. Air Defense Principles • Surprise • Firepower • Mobility • Continuity • Initiative • Coordination • Security

6. Command and Control • Integrated air defense system (IADS) • National level – regional opns centrally directed • Sector level – used against extraregional force • Operational and tactical level – OSC directs AD employment for immediate subordinate units • Centralization • Target detection efficiency • Long range SAMs • Mutual supporting AD units in defense • Decentralization • Provides flexibility & shorter response time • Better for fast paced maneuver operations

7. Command and Control (Continued) • Airspace management • OSC lowest level controls Army & Air Force units • Chief of airspace operations (CAO) on OSC staff • Zones of responsibility minimize interference between fighter aircraft and ground AD weapons • Air defense control measures used to coordinate use of airspace by aviation and AD systems • Command posts and communications • CAO at OSC main CP • Air Force, army aviation, & AD liaison teams • Air defense & NBC warning net established

8. Air Defense Phases • Phase I • Destroy enemy aircraft & control systems on the ground • Includes bases from enemy homeland to theater • Planning begins at national level by the General Staff • OPFOR units primarily not air defense

9. Air Defense Phases (Continued) • Phase II • Destroy enemy aircraft in flight prior to reaching OPFOR ground forces • Planning primarily at national and operational levels • SPF teams use shoulder-fired SAMs on flight routes • Primarily strategic- and operational-level AD use interceptor aircraft and long/medium range SAMs • Short range operational and tactical-level AD can be used in disruption zone

10. Air Defense Phases (Continued) • Phase III • Destroy enemy aircraft over OPFOR ground forces • Includes destruction of aircraft or diverting their efforts • Planning down to tactical level • OPFOR assets include tactical fighters • Primarily short/medium-range SAMS and AA guns of tactical AD units

11. National-Level Assets • Efforts focus on • Destroying enemy aircraft • Protecting critical defensive positions • Protecting key political & economic sites • Assets include • Air Force fighter-interceptor aircraft • Long-range rockets & missiles • SPF teams • Medium/long-range SAMs • Short-range AA guns • Early warning units

12. Operational-Level Assets • Air defense assets based on specific OSC • Assets include • Medium-range surface-to-air missiles • Short-range antiaircraft guns • Radars

13. Tactical-Level Assets • Organic assets plus systems allocated by OSC • Assets include • Short/medium-range SAMs • Short-range AA guns • Shoulder-fired SAMs • Adaptive use of other weapons

14. Nonlethal Air Defense Assets • Deployed with SAM & AA gun systems • Assets include • Air defense jammers • Corner reflectors • GPS jammers

15. Passive Air Defense Measures • Camouflage, concealment, cover, and deception • Maneuver and dispersal • Other survivability measures • Signals security • Frequency spread • Frequency diversity • Multiple & interchangeable missile guidance systems • Mobility

16. Reconnaissance • Terrain reconnaissance • Identifies likely enemy avenues of approach • Determine optimum AD positions • Air surveillance • Provides early warning of enemy aircraft • Develops target information • AD radars provide surveillance & fire control • Visual observation backs up radar surveillance

17. Missions and Employment • National-level • Intent is continuous detection & engagement coverage • General air defense of the State • Fill gaps between operational-level commands • Rear of operational-level assets • Operational-level • Augment tactical assets • Fill gaps between tactical-level units • General air defense of OSC AOR • Engage enemy away from tactical units and high value assets

18. Missions and Employment(Continued) • Tactical-level • Covers division/DTG AOR • Brigade/BTG provides point protection • Air defense umbrella • AD assets from national through tactical level provide air defense umbrella • Radars provide unbroken detection • Umbrella moves to cover maneuver forces

19. Air Defense Coverage

20. Offense • Deployment • Disruption zone • Point air defense for ground ambush forces • Air defense ambush teams • Area coverage for overall disruption force • Battle zone • Most AD forces • Provide ground forces freedom to maneuver • Helps create window of opportunity for attack • Support zone • Some AD forces to permit admin/log functions • Less mobile assets than disruption & battle zones • Movement • AD coverage provided to moving units • AD batteries leap frog for coverage

21. Defense • Deployment • Disruption zone • Area coverage to defend forces • Point protection for fires • Target enemy aerial reconnaissance • Battle zone • Protects main defense force battle positions • Conducts air defense ambushes • Strong AD support to reserve forces • Support zone • Protects key admin & log elements • Relies on passive air defense measures

22. Defense (Continued) • Antilanding defense • Defense against enemy airborne & air assault • Air Force destroys transports • Operational- & tactical-level engage in their zones

23. Air Defense Ambushes & Roving Units • Ambushes • Engage enemy from hidden/unexpected positions • Placement is unpredictable • Both short notice and long-range planning • Roving units • Similar to ambush • Moves to most likely areas of enemy air attack

24. Air Defense Against Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • OPFOR attacks subsystems • Air vehicle • Ground station • Launcher • Communication links • Ground station destruction has more impact than air vehicle • IADS and all-arms approach to attack

25. Air Defense Against Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Continued) • Active measures • Air defense radars • Sound-ranging systems • Reconnaissance locates ground stations & launchers for attack by various systems • Jamming data links • Passive measures • Camouflage, concealment, cover, and deception • Maneuver and dispersal

26. Strategic Context • Regional operations • Fully capable of defending against neighbors • Successful OPFOR counterair operations • Ground based systems defeat penetration • Transition operations • First OPFOR actions against extraregional air • Access control • Forces repositioning for adaptive operations

27. Strategic Context (Continued) • Adaptive operations • Attack enemy aircraft on the ground • Utilize TBMs, SPF, insurgents & terror groups • More reliant on passive systems • Augment AD with other arms

28. Air Defense SupportSummary • All-arms air defense • Air defense concepts & principles • Command and control • Air defense phases • Assets • Reconnaissance • Missions and employment • Offense and defense • Air defense ambushes and roving units • Defense against UAVs • Strategic context