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Roman Numerals in Inscriptions: Additive vs. Subtractive Forms

Explore the use of additive and subtractive Roman numeral forms in official inscriptions. Learn about "double subtractives" and instances where V and L are omitted. Discover how dates like 1954, 1990, and 2014 are represented in Roman numerals.

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Roman Numerals in Inscriptions: Additive vs. Subtractive Forms

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  1. Roman inscriptions, especially in official contexts, tended to use additive forms such as IIII and VIIII instead of (or even as well as) subtractive forms such as IV and IX. Both methods appear in documents from the Roman era, even within the same document. "Double subtractives" also occur, such as XIIX or even IIXX instead of XVIII. Sometimes V and L are not used, with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX. 1954 as MCMLIV 1990 as MCMXC  2014 as MMXIV

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