The Reproductive System

1. The Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive Functions • Produce gametes • Gametes are cells with 23 chromosomes – half the usual number • In males, the gametes are called spermatozoa • Transport gametes • Produce hormones

3. Male Reproductive Anatomy

4. Structures • Testes (testicles) (Orch/i, orchid/o, test/o, testicul/o) • Manufacture spermatozoaand testosterone • Two small oval structures that develop in the abdomen and then descend into the scrotum • Scrotum • Sac that encloses and supports testicles outside of the body

5. Spermatogenesis • The creation of spermatozoa • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes • Will only occur at a temperature a few degrees below body temperature • This requires the testes to be located outside of the pelvic cavity

6. Structures • Epididymis (Epididym/o) • Comma-shaped coiled tube that runs down the length of each testis • Stores sperm as they mature and become motile • Vas Deferens (vas/o) • Ductus deferens • Carry sperm from the testes into the pelvic cavity where they join with the seminal vesicles

7. Structures • Seminal Vesicles • Two glands located at the base of the bladder • Secrete a thick, yellowish substance that nourishes the sperm cells • Join with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct which connects to the urethra

8. Structures • Prostate Gland (Prostat/o) • Inferior to bladder surrounding the urethra • Walnut-sized • Secretes a thick alkaline fluid into the semen that aids the motility of the sperm • Motility means ability to move • Contributes to the expulsion of semen during ejaculation

9. Structures • Bulbourethral Glands • Located below the prostate gland • Secrete fluid that lubricates and neutralizes the urethra for the passage of semen • Urethra • Tube that carries semen (and urine) through the penis to the urethral meatus

10. Structures • Penis (Pen/o, phall/i) • Composed of spongy erectile tissue • Glans penis – sensitive region at the tip • Prepuce (foreskin) – fold of skin that covers the glans penis • Removed during circumcision

11. Review

12. Word Parts

13. Medical Specialties • Urologist • Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the urinary tract and male reproductive tract

14. Symptoms • Oligospermia • Producing semen with a low volume of sperm • Aspermia • Producing or ejaculating no semen • Azoospermia • Having no sperm in the semen • Impotence (Erectile Dysfunction) • Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection

15. Pathology • Cryptorchidism • Undescended testis • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) • Benign growth of cells in the prostate • Causes urinary retention and urinary hesitancy • Prostate Cancer • Malignant tumour of the prostate gland

16. Female Reproductive Functions • Producing gametes • Female gametes are known as ova • Nurturing developing offspring • Producing hormones

17. Female Reproductive Anatomy

18. Structures • Ovaries (ovari/o, oophor/o) • Two almond sized organs, held in place on each side of the uterus by ligaments • Contain many ovarian follicles • Each follicle contains an ovum that matures and then is released when the follicle ruptures (ovulation)

19. Structures • Fallopian Tubes (Salping/o) • Oviducts • Carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus • Approx. 4 cm long • The end near the ovary opens up into the funnel shaped infundibulumsurrounded by finger-like fimbriaewhich “catch” the ovum when itleaves the ovary • Fertilization most often occurs inthe fallopian tubes

20. Structures • Uterus (uter/o, hyster/o, metr/o) • Muscular organ that receives fertilized gametes and provides the environment for developing offspring • Pear-shaped– held in place by broad ligament • Normal position • Antiflexion (bent forward) • Located between the urinary bladder and the rectum • Area between the uterus and the rectum is known as the cul-de-sac

21. Uterus

22. Structures • Parts of the Uterus • Fundus • Bulging, rounded part above the entrance to the fallopian tubes • Corpus • Body or middle portion • Cervix Uteri (cervic/o) • Lower portion that extends into the vagina

23. Structures • Tissues of the Uterus • Endometrium • Inner mucosal layer that is very rich in blood vessels • Myometrium • Muscular middle layer • Uterine Serosa (Perimetrium) • Outer lining that produces a watery secretion

24. Structures • Vagina (Vagin/o, colp/o) • Muscular tube lined with mucosa • Extends from cervix to outside of the body

25. Structures • External Genitalia • Collectively known as the vulva (vulv/o) • Located below the mons pubis – a pad of tissue located over the pubic symphysis • Labia Majora • Two large fat-filled folds of skin that enclose and protect the external genitalia and urethral meatus • Labia Minora • Smaller folds located medially to the Labia Majora

26. Bartholin Glands • Two small rounded glands on either side of the external vaginal opening • Produce mucous secretions that lubricate the vagina • Clitoris • Mass of sensitive erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus

27. Structures • Perineum • Area between the vaginal opening and the anus • Hymen • Thin membrane that partially covers the entrance to the vagina

28. Structures • Breasts • Composed of mammary glands, fatty and fibrous tissue, and lactiferous ducts • Produces milk in response to hormones secreted after giving birth • Mammary Papilla • Nipple – has external openings for lactiferous ducts • Areola • Darkly pigmented area around the nipple

29. Breast Anatomy

30. Menstruation • Menstruation • Normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from the uterus • Menarche • Onset of menstruation at puberty • Ovulation • Ovarian follicle ruptures and the ovum (egg) leaves the ovary

31. Menstrual Cycle

32. Menstruation • Estrogen • Produced by the ovarian follicle • Promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and repair of the endometrium • Progesterone • Secreted by the corpus luteum • Stimulates the build up of the endometrial lining • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) • Depression, breast tenderness and irritability that occur shortly before menstruation

33. Menopause • Ending of the menstrual cycle when ova are depleted and secretion of estrogen decreases • Symptoms: • Hot flashes • Insomnia • Vaginal atrophy

34. Gestation / Pregnancy • Fertilization • Occurs when a spermatozoon penetrates the ovum and releases its genetic material • The fertilized ovum is known as a zygote • Implantation • The zygote performs many cell divisions and then embeds into the endometrium

35. Gestation / Pregnancy • Embryo • The term for the developing offspring from the 2nd to 8th weeks of gestation • Fetus • The term for the developing offspring from the 8th week of gestation to the end of the pregnancy at approximately 40 weeks

36. Gestation / Pregnancy • Placenta • Organ that develops within the uterine wall • Connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord • Creates a barrier that keeps maternal and fetalblood separate, but allows the passage of nutrients, oxygen and wastes

37. Gestation / Pregnancy • Amnion and Chorion • Membranes that surround the developing embryo/fetus • Chorion – outer layer of the membrane • Amnion – inner layer that contains the amniotic fluid

38. Pregnancy • Antepartum • Final stage of pregnancy – just before onset of labour • Braxton-Hicks contractions – intermittent painless uterine contractions that may occur during the antepartum period

39. Parturition • Labourand childbirth • Occurs in three stages: • Dilatation – begins with contractions of the uterus and thinning and enlargement of the cervix (effacement), also involves rupture of the amniotic sac • Expulsion– uterine contractions become stronger and more frequent until the child is expelled through the birth canal • Crowning: the stage at which the head can be seen at the vaginal orifice • Expulsion of the placenta

40. Pregnancy • Terms referring to the Mother • -gravida means pregnant female • -para means a woman who has produced viable offspring • Nulligravida – woman who has never been pregnant • Primigravida – woman during her first pregnancy • Nullipara- woman who has never borne a viable child • Primipara – woman who has borne one viable child (Para I) • Multiparous – having borne one or more viable children (separate pregnancies)

41. Word Parts

42. Word Parts

43. Medical Specialties • Gynecologist • Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the female reproductive system • Obstetrician • Specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and afterwards • Neonatologist • Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn (neonate)

44. Symptoms • Amenorrhea • Absence of menses • Dysmenorrhea • Severe menstrual discomfort • Oligomenorrhea • Infrequent menstrual periods or very light flow

45. Symptoms • Menorrhagia • Abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods • Metrorrhagia • Bleeding between menstrual periods • Anovulation • Failure to ovulate

46. Pathology • Endometriosis • Occurs when endometrial tissue is found outside the ovaries • Causes inflammation and scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, pain, infertility and painful intercourse Tsaitgaist

47. Pathology • Fibroids • Benign tumours of fibrous tissue and muscle in the uterus • Leiomyomas • Symptoms: • Metrorrhagia • Pelvic pain • Menorrhagia

48. Pathology • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) • Inflammation and infection of the organs in the pelvic region • Commonly caused by STI’s • Scarring and adhesions can lead to infertility

49. Pathology • Ectopic Pregnancy • Implantation of the fertilized egg in a site other than the uterus • Preeclampsia • Abnormal condition in pregnancy • Symptoms: • Hypertension • Proteinuria • Edema • Headache

50. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Sexually Transmitted Infections • Infections that are transmitted through sexual contact • Can also be passed to a baby during childbirth from an infected mother