Steven Witherly, PhD Technical Products Inc. Technicalproductsinc.net

1. Steven Witherly, PhD Technical Products Inc. Technicalproductsinc.net Author of: “Why Humans Like Junk Food”

2. Steven Witherly, PhD • Nutraceutical Consulting: • Technical products Inc • Technicalproductsinc.net • Create healthy Products; energy drinks, supplements, bars • Food Science Professor • Calif. State University at Northridge

3. Overall Theme Taste is Number One in Food selection Can Healthy Be Tasty? What Makes Food Taste Good?

4. Overall Theme II Dozens of Studies Show That People say they Want Healthy Food But they eat… JUNK FOOD!!!

5. It’s A Fast Food World After All • 44% USA Say They Love The Taste of Fast Food So Much They Can’t Give it Up! • 29% say they tend to eat junk food when feeling down. • Food is an Excellent Anti-depressant • USA TODAY June 4, 2009

6. Brain Gut Fat Cells

8. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults1985 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% Source: Centers for Disease Control

9. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults1990 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% Source: Centers for Disease Control

10. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults1995 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% Source: Centers for Disease Control

11. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults2000 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20% Source: Centers for Disease Control

12. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults2004 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Centers for Disease Control

13. Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults2005 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30% Source: Centers for Disease Control

14. Outline of Talk I • How Did We Get So Fat? • Human Physiology, Evolution & Cuisine • Unique Human Nutritional Requirements • Much different from the apes

15. Outline of Talk II • Food Perception Theories • Food “Pleasure” Equation • Food “Wanting/Liking” Equation • Food “Umami” Equation • Salivation & Sensory Specific Satiety

16. Outline of Talk III • Goff/Glee Nutritional Hypothesis • We prefer (aroma/taste) what our cells need • Power of Probiotics • New Research on Taste • New Research on Olfaction • Pleasure Ingredients

17. Current Hedonic Theme All Essential Nutrients in Humans have taste , aroma, neural gut, fat cell signals to Make the Human Seek Them Out Regardless of Conscious Perception We Need to Know What the Body is Looking For

18. Disney Theme… +

19. The Dark Side

20. Humans Are a ChemoSensory TUBE

21. Unique Human Nutritionals • 50+ Nutrients to Survive • Need Protein/Fat to survive (not CHO) • Long chain fatty acid needs • Vitamin C Absolute Reqm. • High Sodium Needs (No hair) • High Capacity for SugarDigestion (not storage) • Huge Need to Preserve Food for Survival • 300+ Species of Unique Bacteria!

22. Factors increasing nutrient activity Cooking! Fire use at least 1,000,000 years old! (Sci. American 2009)

23. The Super-Sizing of America! • Bagels in 1960 were 2 oz. and 200 calories • Today a Bagel is 5 oz, and 400 calories • A soda in 1960 was 8 oz. and 97 calories • Today a soda is 20 oz. and 243 calories • Dinner plates were 8 inches • Dinner plates are now 12 inches….and • we eat 20-35% more!

24. Humans Fattest Primates Principle: We Look Like • Small Jaw • Small Gut • High Brain Energy Needs

25. Small Jaw • Small Gut • High Brain Energy Needs

26. Human Diet Evolution • Salt, fat and sugar rare in our Past! • We crave what is scarce! Human Evolution… Lean meats, berries, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, honey Thrifty Gene Hypothesis

27. The Dawn of Man Let’s watch…

28. Humans are Meat Eaters!

29. Humans are “Cookivores” • Wrangham hypothesis: • Humans evolved with fire 2 million years ago: vision enlarged, noses shrank. Data now shows at least 1 million years! (Scientific American) • Aroma receptors down but connections increased dramatically (3 Olfactory Brain Centers) • THREE Olfactory Systems!!! • Aromas associated now with: • Essential Nutrients • Fire • Fermentation

30. Wrangham “Cookivore” Theory • Homo Culinarus; Paleo-Gastronomy • Evolved with fire, fermentation, high energy density • German study, women who only ate raw food lostweight, energy and monthly cycle. Should We Be Vegans???

31. Cooking Foods • Increases digestibility • Raw Potato vs. Cooked • Lycopene in tomatoes • Destroys Anti-Nutrients • Soybean lectins, etc. • Increases Nutrient Density & Releases Nutrients • Cooking with Fat (Fat Soluble Vitamins)

32. Humans Evolved Using:

33. The Truth

34. Humans Love Organ Meats!

35. Junk Food Pyramid

36. Gut Directs Food Intake • Enzymes in Gut Provide Evidence of What is Most Pleasurable:

37. Intestinal Enzymes & Food • Proteinases (Carboxy-amino peptidases) • Nucleases (RNA/DNA or Nucleotides) • Carbohydrate Enzymes: • Lactase [lactose, milk] 12,000yr • Amylase (saliva too) [Starch] • Sucrase [Sucrose] • Maltase (Isomaltase) [maltose] • Trehalase “the nutrients want to be found”

38. Bacteria In Gut • Unique to Humans 300+ Strains • How Did They get There? • Nutritional Requirements? • Bugs Need Food Too! • Digest Food, Create Vitamins, Boost Immunity • Certain Microbes Increase Fat Storage the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes 10x more Bacteria than Human Cells!

39. Bacteria in Skin 1000 Different Types Also a mystery is what all these microbes use for food."They obviously have to be eating something," Fierer said. "Probably some of them are eating dead skin cells or oils that come from your skin. Who knows?"

40. Yogurt—Makes You Feel Good • Active Cultures (Lactobacillus acidophilus) • Up-regulate mu-opioid and cannabinoid receptors in Gut cells, similar to the effects of morphine. • Digestion may effect Food Preference!!! 20% pop. Chronic gut pain Nat. Med 2007

41. Probiotics • No Bacteria…No Humans • Many Strains Available to the Food Scientist • Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM • Strain induces expression of opioid and cannabinoid receptors lining intestinal cells! • Pain reduction similar to morphine! • Nutr. World, May 2009

42. Goff & Klee Aroma-Nutrient Theory Preferred aromas are innate when they are derived from essential nutrients “Tasty Is Healthier”

43. Humans Like… Goff and Klee Flavor Hypothesis: • Bioactive(Body Feel Good) • Taste Active (Hedonics) • Orosensation(s) (Feel) • Positive Nutritional Feedback • Survival Value, (Antibacterial)

44. Goff & Klee Aroma-Nutrient Theory Preferred aromas are innate when they are derived from essential nutrients

45. Essential Nutrient Aromas Theory of Goff and Klee: • Humans innately like aromas that have nutritional significance. • Fruity = C and sugar and energy (acids) • Tomato = lycopene, fatty acids • Spices: health components • Carrot = alpha/beta carotene • Meat = Vitamin B1, 5’ Nucleotides, MSG • Science, 311, 812-, 2006.

46. Goff & Klee Aroma Classes • Carotenoid-based Aromatics • Lycopene/Beta-alpha carotene/others • Essential Fatty Acid Aromatics • Linoleic/Linolenic/Others (long chain) • Essential Amino Acids • Branched chain/Sulfur Containing

47. Citric Acid Cycle TCA or Krebs FRUITS

48. TCA CYCLE Fruit! Coffee Bean Rules

49. Food Preference Enhancer? • Bioperine™ (black pepper extract) • Sabinsa Exclusive • http://www.bioperine.com/ • Enhances the uptake of many nutrients • Gut-Brain Axis Could Sense Increased Nutrition • Piperine is a anti- depressant

50. Food Pleasure • 1. Opioid System • Liking • 2. Cannabinoid System • 3. Serotonin Circuit • 4. Leptin—Insulin • 5. Dopamine circuits • Wanting • 6. There are others!!! (Benzodiazipine receptors)