Advanced Programming

1. Advanced Programming Array

2. PrintMonth( month, year ) January 1900 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

3. Design year = GetYearFromUser() month = GetMonthFromUser() month ?= 0 yes no PrintMonth(month, year) PrintYear(year)

4. Calendar: Requirements • Get a year from the user, the earliest year should be 1900 • Get a month from the user, the input should be from 0 to 12 • If 0, print calendar for all 12 months • Otherwise, print the calendar of the month of the year

5. Random Number Generation • Class Random • Within namespace System • Pseudo-random • The numbers are generated using an equation with a seed • The seed is usually the exact time of day • Random randomObject = new Random(); • randomObject.Next() • Returns a number from 0 to Int32.MaxValue • Int32.MaxValue = 2,147,483,647 • randomObject.Next( x ) • Returns a value from 0 up to but not including x (scaling) • randomObject.Next( x, y ) • Returns a number between x (shift) and up to but not including y (scaling)

6. using System; using System.Windows.Forms; class RandomInt { staticvoid Main( string[] args ) { int value; string output = ""; Random randomInteger = new Random(); for ( int i = 1; i <= 20; i++ ) { // pick random integer between 1 and 6 value = randomInteger.Next( 1, 7 ); output += value + " "; if ( i % 5 == 0 ) output += "\n"; } // end for structure

7. MessageBox.Show( output, "20 Random Numbers from 1 to 6", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information ); } // end Main } // end class RandomInt

8. Arrays • A group of contiguous memory locations • Same name • Same type • Refer to particular element in the array by positionnumber • Can refer to any element by giving the name of the array followed by the position number (subscript) of the element in square brackets ([]) • First element is the zeroth element • First element of array c is c[ 0 ]

9. Types Arrays • Arrays allow a group of elements of a specific type to be stored in a contiguous block of memory • Arrays are reference types • Derived from System.Array • Zero-based • Can be multidimensional • Arrays know their length(s) and rank • Bounds checking

10. c[ 0 ] -45 c[ 1 ] Name of array (Note that all elements of this array have the same name, c) 6 c[ 2 ] 0 c[ 3 ] 72 c[ 4 ] 1543 c[ 5 ] -89 c[ 6 ] 0 c[ 7 ] 62 c[ 8] -3 c[ 9 ] Position number (index or subscript) of the element within array c 1 c[ 10 ] 6453 c[ 11 ] -78 Arrays

11. Declaring and Allocating Arrays • Programmer specifies the type of the elements of the array • new operator to allocate dynamically the number of elements in the array • In arrays of value types, each element contains one value of the declared type

12. Allocating an Array and Initializing It • Arrays can be allocated using the word new to specify how many elements the array should hold • Arrays can be initialized with initializer lists • Allocate space for the array – number of elements in initializer list determines the size of array • Elements in array are initialized with the values in the initializer list int[] c = new int[12]; int[]c; c = new int[12];

13. Types Arrays • Declare • Allocate • Initialize • Access and assign • Enumerate int[] primes; int[] primes = new int[9]; int[] prime = new int[] {1,2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19}; int[] prime = {1,2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19}; prime2[i] = prime[i]; foreach (int i in prime) Console.WriteLine(i);

14. InitArray.cs using System; using System.Windows.Forms; class InitArray{ staticvoid Main( string[] args ) { string output = ""; int[] x; x = newint[ 10 ]; int[] y = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 }; constintARRAY_SIZE = 10; int[] z; z = newint[ ARRAY_SIZE ]; for ( int i = 0; i < z.Length; i++ ) z[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i; output += "Subscript Array x\tArray y\tArray z\n";

15. for ( int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++ ) output += i + "\t" + x[ i ] + "\t" + y[ i ] + "\t" + z[ i ] + "\n"; MessageBox.Show( output, "Initializing an array of int values", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information ); } } // end class

16. Write application to output the following message?

17. Example • Write a console application that generate 10 random numbers and stores them in an array and then finds out how many times each of these numbers occurs in this array

18. Histogram.cs using System; using System.Windows.Forms; class Histogram{ staticvoid Main( string[] args ) { int[] n = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 }; string output = ""; output += "Element\tvalue\tHistogram\n"; for ( int i = 0; i < n.Length; i++ ) { output += "\n" + i + "\t" + n[ i ] + "\t"; for ( int j = 1; j <= n[ i ]; j++ ) // print a bar output += "*"; } MessageBox.Show( output, "Histogram Printing Program", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information ); } } // end class Histogram

19. Write application to output the following message?

20. StudentPoll.cs using System; using System.Windows.Forms; class StudentPoll{ // main entry point for application staticvoid Main( string[] args ) { int[] responses = { 1, 2, 6, 4, 8, 5, 9, 7, 8, 10, 1, 6, 3, 8, 6, 10, 3, 8, 2, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 8, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8, 6, 8, 10 }; int[] frequency = newint[ 11 ]; string output = ""; for ( int answer = 0; answer < responses.Length; answer++ ) ++frequency[ responses[ answer ] ]; output += "Rating\tFrequency\n"; for ( int rating = 1; rating < frequency.Length; rating++ ) output += rating + "\t" + frequency[ rating ] + "\n"; MessageBox.Show( output, "Student poll program", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information ); } } // end class StudentPoll

21. foreach Statement • Iteration of arrays • Iteration of user-defined collections public static void Main(string[] args) { foreach (string s in args) Console.WriteLine(s); } Int[] X = {87, 68, 94, 100, 83, 78, 85, 91, 76, 87} Int sum = 0; Foreach (int number in X) sum += number;

22. Two-Dimensional Arrays • A one-dimensional array stores a list of values • A two-dimensional array, also calleddouble-subscripted array, can be thought of as a table of values, with rows and columns • a two-dimensional array element is referenced using two index numbers

23. Types Arrays • Multidimensional arrays • Rectangular • int[,] matR = new int[2,3]; • Can initialize declaratively • int[,] matR = new int[2,3] { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6} }; • Jagged • An array of arrays • int[][] matJ = new int[2][]; • Must initialize procedurally

24. Two Types of Double-Subscripted Arrays • rectangular arrays • often represent tables in which each row is the same size and each column is the same size, e.g., int[,] a1 = newint[,] { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }; int[,] a11 = new int[3,4]; • jagged arrays • arrays of arrays • arrays that compose jagged arrays can be of different lengths, e.g., int[][] array2 = newint[ 3 ][];array2[ 0 ] = newint[] { 1, 2 };array2[ 1 ] = newint[] { 3 };array2[ 2 ] = newint[] { 4, 5, 6 };array2[2][1] = 3;

25. Double-Subscripted Arrays Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Row 0 a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] Row 1 a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] Row 2 a[2][0] a [2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] Column index (or subscript) Row index (or subscript) Array name Double-subscripted array with three rows and four columns.

26. 1 // Fig. 7.14: TwoDimensionalArrays.cs 2 // Initializing two-dimensional arrays. 3 using System; 4 using System.Drawing; 5 using System.Collections; 6 using System.ComponentModel; 7 using System.Windows.Forms; 8 using System.Data; 9 10 publicclass TwoDimensionalArrays : System.Windows.Forms.Form 11 { 12 private System.Windows.Forms.Button showOutputButton; 13 private System.Windows.Forms.Label outputLabel; 14 15 // Visual Studio .NET generated code 16 17 [STAThread] 18 staticvoid Main() 19 { 20 Application.Run( new TwoDimensionalArrays() ); 21 } 22 23 privatevoid showOutputButton_Click( object sender, 24 System.EventArgs e ) 25 { 26 // declaration and initialization of rectangular array 27int[,] array1 = newint[,] { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }; 28 29 // declaration and initialization of jagged array 30int[][] array2 = newint[ 3 ][]; 31 array2[ 0 ] = newint[] { 1, 2 }; 32 array2[ 1 ] = newint[] { 3 }; 33 array2[ 2 ] = newint[] { 4, 5, 6 }; 34 35 outputLabel.Text += "Values in array1 by row are\n"; Declare and initialize a rectangular integer array named array1 TwoDimensionalArrays.cs Declare a jagged array named array2 with 3 rows Initialize the first element in array2 to be an array that contains two integers Initialize the second element in array2 to be an array that contains 1 integer Initialize the third element in array2 to be an array that contains 3 integers

27. 36 37 // output values in array1 38 for ( int i = 0; i < array1.Length; i++ ) 39 { 40 for ( int j = 0; j < array1[i].Length; j++ ) 41 outputLabel.Text += array1[ i, j ] + " "; 42 43 outputLabel.Text += "\n"; 44 } 45 46 outputLabel.Text += "\nValues in array2 by row are\n"; 47 48 // output values in array2 49 for ( int i = 0; i < array2.Length; i++ ) 50 { 51 for ( int j = 0; j < array2[ i ].Length; j++ ) 52 outputLabel.Text += array2[ i ][ j ] + " "; 53 54 outputLabel.Text += "\n"; 55 } 56 57 } // end method showOutputButton_Click 58 59 } // end class TwoDimensionalArrays TwoDimensionalArrays.cs Program Output

28. 1 // Fig. 7.15: DoubleArray.cs 2 // Manipulating a double-subscripted array. 3 using System; 4 using System.Drawing; 5 using System.Collections; 6 using System.ComponentModel; 7 using System.Windows.Forms; 8 using System.Data; 9 10 publicclass DoubleArray : System.Windows.Forms.Form 11 { 12 private System.Windows.Forms.Button showOutputButton; 13 private System.Windows.Forms.Label outputLabel; 14 15 privateint[][] grades; 16 privateint students, exams; 17 18 // Visual Studio .NET generated code 19 20 [STAThread] 21 staticvoid Main() 22 { 23 Application.Run( new DoubleArray() ); 24 } 25 26 privatevoid showOutputButton_Click( object sender, 27 System.EventArgs e ) 28 29 { 30 grades = newint[ 3 ][]; 31 grades[ 0 ] = newint[]{ 77, 68, 86, 73 }; 32 grades[ 1 ] = newint[]{ 96, 87, 89, 81 }; 33 grades[ 2 ] = newint[]{ 70, 90, 86, 81 }; 34 DoubleArray.cs Initialize array grades to have 3 rows Initialize each element in array grades

29. Output each row Output each element of the row Output the minimum and maximum grades Output the average for each row 35 students = grades.Length; // number of students 36 exams = grades[ 0 ].Length; // number of exams 37 38 // line up column headings 39 outputLabel.Text += " "; 40 41 // output the column headings 42 for ( int i = 0; i < exams; i++ ) 43 outputLabel.Text += "[" + i + "] "; 44 45 // output the rows 46for ( int i = 0; i < students; i++ ) 47 { 48 outputLabel.Text += "\ngrades[" + i + "] "; 49 50for ( int j = 0; j < exams; j++ ) 51 outputLabel.Text += grades[ i ][ j ] + " "; 52 } 53 54 outputLabel.Text += "\n\nLowest grade: " + Minimum() + 55 "\nHighest grade: " + Maximum() + "\n"; 56 57for ( int i = 0; i < students; i++ ) 58 outputLabel.Text += "\nAverage for student " + i + " is " + 59 Average( grades[ i ] ); 60 61 } // end method showOutputButton_Click 62 DoubleArray.cs

30. 63 // find minimum grade in grades array 64 publicint Minimum() 65 { 66 int lowGrade = 100; 67 68for ( int i = 0; i < students; i++ ) 69 70 for ( int j = 0; j < exams; j++ ) 71 72if ( grades[ i ][ j ] < lowGrade ) 73 lowGrade = grades[ i ][ j ]; 74 75 return lowGrade; 76 } 77 78 // find maximum grade in grades array 79 publicint Maximum() 80 { 81 int highGrade = 0; 82 83 for ( int i = 0; i < students; i++ ) 84 85 for ( int j = 0; j < exams; j++ ) 86 87 if ( grades[ i ][ j ] > highGrade ) 88 highGrade = grades[ i ][ j ]; 89 90return highGrade; 91 } 92 DoubleArray.cs Examine each element in grades array Examine each element in grades array If the current array element is less then the lowest grade, set the value of lowGrade to be the current element If the current array element higher than the highest grade, set the value of highGrade to be the current element

31. Total the grades for the array Divide the total by the number of grades 93 // determine average grade for a particular student 94 publicdouble Average( int[] setOfGrades ) 95 { 96 int total = 0; 97 98for ( int i = 0; i < setOfGrades.Length; i++ ) 99 total += setOfGrades[ i ]; 100 101return ( double ) total / setOfGrades.Length; 102 } 103 104 } // end class DoubleArray DoubleArray.cs Program Output

32. Example • Construct C# console application to solve the following problem. A football team plays n games per year in its league. Given n and the scores of all of the games the team played this year (both the team’s score and its opponent’s score for each game), compute the team’s margin of victory in the games that it played (win = 3, tied = 1 and ignore lost).

33. Example • The main voltage supplied by a substation is measured at hourly intervals over a 72-hour period, and a report made. Write a program to read in the 72 reading array and determine: • the mean voltage measured • the hours at which the recorded voltage varies from the mean by more than 10% • any adjacent hours when the change from one reading to the next is greater than 15% of the mean value

34. Example • We wish to solve the following problem using C#. given an array A, print all permutations of A (print all values of A in every possible order). For example, A contained the strings “apple”, “banana”, and “coconut”, the desired output is: • apple banana coconut • apple coconut banana • banana apple coconut • banana coconut apple • coconut apple banana • coconut banana apple

35. Example • A sensitive drug cannot sustain a change in temperature of more than 30o C in a 24-hour period. The temperatures are monitored and recorded every two hours. Write console application the laboratory technician can use once a day to determine whether or not to throw the drug away.