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Endarterectomy versus Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis

Journal Club Ani Balmanoukian and Peter Benjamin November 9, 2006. Endarterectomy versus Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis. Mas et al. NEJM 355;16 October 19, 2006. Background.

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Endarterectomy versus Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis

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  1. Journal ClubAni Balmanoukian and Peter Benjamin November 9, 2006

  2. Endarterectomy versus Stenting in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis Mas et al. NEJM 355;16 October 19, 2006

  3. Background • Carotid Endarterectomy is the standard treatment for symptomatic or asymptomatic high-grade(> 60% or 70%) internal carotid artery stenosis. • Carotid artery stenting has become another option

  4. Carotid Endarterectomy • NASCET and ECST trials have demonstrated the efficacy in symptomatic patients • Complications include local nerve injury and stroke www.vascular.co.nz

  5. Carotid Stenting • Less invasive than CEA • Can be done under local anesthesia and sedation • Less costly than CEA • Risk of stroke and local complications • Long term efficacy not well known yet http://radinfo.musc.edu/~stringes/carotidimage25.jpg

  6. Hypothesis/Goal: Evaluate whether stenting is not inferior to endarterectomy with regard to the risks of the procedure and long-term efficacy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. • Design: Randomized, noninferiority trial. • Setting: 20 academic and 10 non-academic centers in France.

  7. Investigators: Each center had to have a team of physicians consisting of 1 Neurologist 1 Vascular surgeon: had to have performed at least 25 CEAs 1 Interventional physician: had to have performed at least 12 carotid stenting procedures or at least 35 stenting procedures in the supraaortic trunks, of which 5 were in the carotid artery.

  8. Participants:527 patients >18 y/o, with history of a hemispheric or retinal TIA or a nondisabling stroke within 120 days before enrollment. Stenosis of 60-99% in the symptomatic carotid artery. Exclusion: disabling stroke, nonatherosclerotic carotid disease, previous revascularization, bleeding disorder, uncontrolled HTN or diabetes, unstable angina, life expectancy <2 years.

  9. Figure 1. Mas et al, Endarterectomy vs. stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotic stenosis. NEJM 2006;355:1660-71

  10. Data Collection: Evaluation by Neurologist at 48 hrs, 30 days, 6 months after treatment and 6 months thereafter. • Outcome: Primary: Any stroke or death occurring within 30 days after treatment. Secondary: MI, TIA, cranial nerve injury, major local complications, and systemic complications within 30 days. • Analysis: Kaplan-Meier method, intention to treat principle.

  11. Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Patients. • Key Points • Patients overall very similar • Only differences: • More patients older than 75 yo in CEA group (40.5% • vs. 32.2%) • More patients with h/o stroke in CEA group • (20.1% vs 12.6%) • Higher proportion of contralateral carotid occlusion • in stenting group (none of these had a stroke after • stenting)

  12. Table 3: Risk of stroke or death and other outcomes • within 30 days • Key Points: • Unadjusted RR of stroke/death is 2.5 for stenting vs CEA • (Number Needed to Harm: 17) • No significant correlation between RR of stroke/death and • number of patients treated at each center • No significant difference in stroke/death outcomes • between interventionalists who were experienced, tutored • during training, tutored after training • Decreased incidence in stroke/death in pts who had • cerebral protection along with stenting vs stenting alone • RR stroke/death adjusted for age was 2.4, h/o stroke 2.6 • Cranial nerve injury much more likely with CEA (7.7% vs • 1.1%)

  13. Conclusions/Implications • In pts with symptomatic carotid stenosis >60%, CEA has lower rates of stroke/death through 6 months • These results agree with some (e.g. SPACE), but not all (e.g. SAPPHIRE) prior studies • Taken together, pending further evidence, stenting should be limited to symptomatic pts with >70% stenosis who are high surgical risk

  14. Strengths • Large, Multicenter RCT • All patients accounted for at conclusion • Groups were similar at start of trial

  15. Weaknesses • Required minimal experience for interventionalists doing procedure • Didn’t indicate differences in complications based on experience • Anesthesiology or periop differences? • No standardization of stenting device used (5 different stents, 7 different cerebral protection systems used)

  16. Discussion • What are unique aspects of a noninferiority trial • What is the significance of an intention to treat analysis • Intricacies in a surgical rct that are unique • How to minimize differences in surgeon/interventionalist experience? • How to minimize effects of other aspects (e.g. anesthesia, postop care, etc) • Can you standardize experience level differences between CEA and carotid stenting? • Any way to blind such a trial?

  17. References • Mas JL et al. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 19;355(16):1660-71. • North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:445-53.

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