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Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent

Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent. Parenting Issues for Couples. What effect will pregnancy have on us as individuals and collectively? Why do we want to have a child? What effect will the child have on the images we have constructed for ourselves as adults?

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Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent

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  1. Chapter Seventeen:Becoming a Parent

  2. Parenting Issues for Couples • What effect will pregnancy have on us as individuals and collectively? • Why do we want to have a child? • What effect will the child have on the images we have constructed for ourselves as adults? • Can we afford a child and provide for its needs? • What will be the responsibilities related to raising a child be divided?

  3. Parenting Issues for Couples(cont.) • How will the child affect our professional careers? • How will we rear our child with regards to religion, discipline, activities, etc.? • Are we ready to part with much of the freedom associated with the early adult years? • What plans have we made if, by chance, the infant has a serious birth defect? • Are we capable of handling extra responsibilities if the child is disabled? • Are we comfortable with the thought of bringing a child into the world?

  4. Becoming a Parent through a Stepfamily • The Stepfamily Association of America recommends the following: • Nurture and enrich the couple relationship • Reveal and understand emotions • Have realistic expectations • Develop new roles • Seek support and see the positive

  5. Parenting Across Cultures • Fertility patterns across ethnic groups in America • Amish families • Jewish families • Chinese American families • Arab American families

  6. Obstacles to Fertilization • Acid level in the vagina • Cervical mucus thickness • Location of cervical entrance for sperm • Location of the correct fallopian tube for sperm • Distance sperm travels • Motility of sperm

  7. Aids to Fertilization • 200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into the vagina during ejaculation • Sperm are deposited near the cervical opening • Male accessory glands help make the semen nonacidic • Uterine contractions aid sperm movement in the proper direction • Sperm cells move fairly quickly • Sperm can live for days • Cervical mucus is thin and watery at the time of ovulation

  8. Fertilization and Implantation

  9. Signs of Pregnancy (Presumptive) • Missed menstrual period after sexual intercourse the previous month • Morning sickness • Increase in size and tenderness of breasts • Darkening of the areolar tissue around the nipples

  10. Signs of Pregnancy (Probable) • Increased frequency of urination • Increased in the size of the abdomen • Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week • Positive pregnancy test

  11. Signs of Pregnancy (Positive) • Determination of a fetal heart beat • Feeling of the fetus moving (“quickening”) • Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or optical viewers

  12. Rubella/herpes viruses Tobacco smoke Alcohol Certain OTC drugs Radiation Accutane (acne drug) Agents that Can Damage a Fetus

  13. Intrauterine Development • Three trimesters (13 weeks each) • First trimester • Zygote • Blastocyst • Embryo • Fetus (after 8 weeks) • Second trimester: Organs develop, fetal heartbeat and bone structure evident, prominent weight gain in the mother • Third trimester: Fetus increases weight from 2-3 pounds; absorption of major nutrients allowing increased growth and weight

  14. Maintaining a Healthy Pregnancy • Arrange for prenatal care • Consume a well-balanced diet • Take a supplement with folic acid • Exercise according to your physician’s recommendation • Avoid and treat infections • Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs • Limit your caffeine intake • Stay away from x-rays, hot tubs, saunas, toxic chemicals

  15. Three Stages of Labor • Effacement/dilation of the cervix: • Uterine contractions thin the cervix and enlarge the cervical opening • Cervix opens to 10 cm during this stage • Delivery of the fetus: • Uterine contractions are aided by mother’s voluntary contractions of abdominal muscles • Fetus moves through the birth canal • Delivery of the placenta: • Placenta detaches from uterine wall

  16. Stages of Labor and Childbirth

  17. Cesarean Deliveries (C-section) • Fetus is removed from the uterus through the abdominal wall • Possibly due to one or more of the following factors: • Fetus is improperly positioned • Mother’s pelvis is too small • Fetus is especially large • Fetus shows signs of distress • Umbilical cord is compressed • Placenta is being delivered before the fetus • Mother’s health is at risk

  18. Genetic and Prenatal Counseling • Preventing birth defects • DNA and other medical testing, family history • Identify risk factors at first prenatal visit

  19. Testing for Fetal Abnormalities • Ultrasound • High-frequency sound waves • Quad marker screen • Blood test that predicts the likelihood of certain problems • Amniocentesis • Insertion of a long needle through the abdomen to extract amniotic fluid • Chorionic villus sampling • Extraction of cells from the placenta

  20. Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth • Ectopic pregnancy: Embryo implants in the fallopian tube • Miscarriage: Usually due to congenital abnormalities • Gestational diabetes: Temporary condition in which the mother’s body doesn’t produce enough insulin • Hyperemesis gravidarum: Excessive vomiting • Preeclampsia: Elevated blood pressure • Eclampsia: Final stage of preeclampsia, which can include convulsions and coma

  21. Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth (cont.) • Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): Insufficient growth of the fetus due to genetic factors, maternal disease, or malnutrition • Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM): Rupture of the chorionic membranes (“breaking of the water”), which increases risk for infection • Premature labor: Labor that begins before the fetus is full-term • Fetal distress: Fetal problems such as a lack of oxygen caused by a variety of factors

  22. Causes of Infertility • Low sperm count • Poor sperm motility • Sperm abnormalities • Lack of ovulation • Obstruction of fallopian tubes

  23. Enhancing Fertility • Cold packs on the scrotum (men) • Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men) • Increase intercourse frequency

  24. Treatments for Infertility • Artificial insemination • Surgical procedures • Fertility drugs • Assisted reproductive technology • In vitro fertilization • Gamete intrafallopian transfer • Zygote intrafallopian transfer • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

  25. Options for Infertile Couples • Surrogate parenting • Adoption • Foster parenting

  26. Cloning Techniques • Procedures involve the following: • Surgical removal of an egg from female donor • Nucleus of the egg is removed • Cell is taken from a cloning subject (male/female) • Through an electrical jolt, the cell is fused with the enucleated egg, creating a clonal zygote • Embryo is implanted in the womb of a surrogate mother • After nine months, a genetically matched reproduction is born

  27. Cloning • Reproductive cloning • Not yet accomplished • Banned in selected countries and states • Therapeutic cloning • Can be used to create stem cells

  28. Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent

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