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FDR’s New Deal: Transforming America During the Great Depression

Explore the transformative era of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the Great Depression. Learn how FDR's personality, political skills, and sweeping social reforms reshaped the nation. Discover the impactful relief, recovery, and reform initiatives, including the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Delve into the rise of demagogues like Father Coughlin and the empowerment of women like Eleanor Roosevelt. Understand the complex programs such as the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Witness the environmental and economic challenges faced, from Dust Bowls to battling bankers. Discover the impact of landmark initiatives like the TVA and Federal Housing Administration.

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FDR’s New Deal: Transforming America During the Great Depression

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  1. Chapter 33 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933–1939

  2. I. FDR: Politician in a Wheelchair • FDR’s personality formed because of paralysis • His wife, another personal & political asset • Franklin Roosevelt’s political appeal • Strong orator, popular depression governor of N.Y. • Nominated by Democrats (1932) • Balanced budget • Sweeping social reforms

  3. p752

  4. II. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 • Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) • Preached a New Deal for the “forgotten man,” • Plan was vague and somewhat contradictory • Herbert Hoover (Republican) • Usually campaigned from the White House • Kept faith in American free enterprise, individual initiative

  5. p753

  6. III. Hoover’s Humiliation in 1932 • 1932 election • A distinct shift of blacks to the Roosevelt camp • 1932 election results • 22,809,638 for Roosevelt; 15,758,901 for Hoover • The electoral count 472 to 59

  7. IV. FDR and the Three R’s: Relief, Recovery, Reform • The New Deal - FDR’s econ & social program • Relief. Recovery. Reform. • Hundred Days (March 9-June 16, 1933) • Nationwide banking holiday • Congress follows FDR’s lead (Rubber stamp congress) • New Dealers - Embraced progressive ideas • Unemployment and old age insurance, Minimum wage • The conservation and development of natural resources • Restrictions on child labor • Tennessee Valley Authority

  8. p754

  9. Table 33-1 p755

  10. V. Roosevelt Manages the Money • Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act 1933 • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • A “managed currency” (inflation) introduced • Gold bought at increasing prices ($21-35 in 1 year) • Roosevelt turned to the radio • “fireside chats” • Confidence returned; banks opened their doors

  11. p756

  12. Figure 33-1 p756

  13. VI. Creating Jobs for the Jobless • Overwhelming unemployment (~25%) • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) • The most popular New Deal “alphabetical agencies” • Hard-pressed Special groups relief • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) • Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) • Civil Works Administration (CWA) (1933) • Least popular program, shovel leaning, “make-work”

  14. p757

  15. Table 33-2 p758

  16. VII. A Day for Every Demagogue • The appearance of demagogues • Father Coughlin (A “microphone messiah”) • Dr. Francis E. Townsend • Senator Huey P. Long (The “Kingfish”) • Links between demagogues, fascism, and crisis • Authoritarianism was the answer elsewhere • Works Progress Administration (WPA) • Built public buildings, bridges, stadiums, roads, artworks • Critics said WPA meant “We Provide Alms”

  17. p759

  18. p760

  19. VIII. New Visibility for Women • First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt • Variety of political / social efforts • Francis Perkins • Secretary of Labor (1st female cabinet member) • Mary McLeod Bethune • Minority Affairs Director • Margaret Mead • 34 books, American Museum of Natural History • Pearl S. Buck • The Good Earth (1931)

  20. p761

  21. IX. Helping Industry and Labor • The National Recovery Administration (NRA) • The most complex, far-reaching New Deal projects • NRA’s “fair competition” codes • Self-made rules for both management and labor • SCOTUS Schechter ruling killed the NRA • The liquor industry: repeal of the prohibition • 21st Amendment

  22. p762

  23. p763

  24. X. Paying Farmers Not to Farm • Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) • Created “artificial scarcity” to establish “parity prices” • Paid growers to reduce their crop acreage • Ruled unconstitutional in 1936 • The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938) • Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act (1936) • Farmers paid to plant soil-conserving

  25. XI. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards • The Dust Bowl: Nature’s unplanned scarcity • Drought, wind, human misdeeds triggered the storms • John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (1939). • Indian Reorganization Act (1934) (“Indian New Deal”) • Encouraged tribes to establish local self-government • To preserve their native crafts and traditions • It helped to stop the loss of Indian lands

  26. p764

  27. Map 33-1 p765

  28. XII. Battling Bankers and Big Business • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 1934: • Designed as a watchdog administrative agency • The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 • Designed as a watchdog administrative agency

  29. XIII. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee • The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933) • Part of “planned economy” • Federally built, owned dams • Benefits • Employment, cheap power, low cost housing, reforestation, better navigation, flood control • Conservative reaction to “socialistic” program • Would limit program to Tennessee valley • Caused westerners to want their own programs • Columbia, Colorado, and Missouri Rivers

  30. Tennessee Valley

  31. Figure 33-2 p767

  32. XIV. Housing and Social Security • Federal Housing Administration (1934) • Building industry stimulated through small loans • Social Security Act (1935) • Unemployment insurance and old-age pensions • Has since expanded to include more people • Not as comprehensive as European nations • Republican opposition was bitter (“cult of leisure”)

  33. XV. A New Deal for Labor • Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act (1935) • National Labor Relations Board • Effective unions began to organize • Conservatives were upset (private property) • Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) • Minimum-wage/maximum-hours, No child labor • Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) • 4 mil members (1940), battled rival A.F.L. for control

  34. Memorial Day Massacre @ Republic Steel (1937)

  35. General Motors Sit-down Strikers, Flint, Michigan,1937

  36. p769

  37. XVI. Landon Challenges “the Champ” • The presidential election of 1936 • Democrats renominated FDR (New Deal platform) • Republicans nominate Alfred M. Landon • Attacked Franklin “Deficit” Roosevelt for his radicalism • The political battle of 1936 • The most bitter campaign since 1896 • “Class warfare”- the needy vs the greedy • Election returns of 1936 • Popular vote was FDR 27,752,869 to 16,674,665 • The electoral count FDR 523 to 8 • Dems win veto-proof House and Senate

  38. XVII. Nine Old Men on the Bench • SCOTUS ultra-conservative and old (6 over 70) • 7 of 9 nominated by Republicans • FDR regarded them as conservative obstructionists • Roosevelt’s failed “court packing” scheme • Increase size of SCOTUS from 9 to 15 • FDR accused of trying to be a dictator

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