The Human Mosaic 12 th Edition

1. The Human Mosaic 12th Edition By Mona Domosh Roderick Neumann Patricia L. Price Terry Jordan-Bychkov c. 2012 W.H. Freeman & CO.

2. Chapter 9 Economic geography: Industries, services, and development

3. Economics? • How goods are produced, distributed, financed, sold, and consumed by people • These activities shape our culture and are shaped by cultural preferences, ideas, and beliefs

4. Economic Geography • The study of: • How people earn their living • How systems vary by area • How the economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked

5. What controls economic activities of an area? • Physical environment • Cultural rules/norms • Technology • Political decisions

6. What is Economic Development? • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: • (1) THE LEVEL OF A COUNTRY’S DEVELOPMENT, OFTEN STATED IN GDP • OR • (2) THE PROCESS BY WHICH AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY MOVES TOWARD INDUSTRIALIZATION AND (USUALLY) HIGHER PATTERNS OF INCOME

7. World Map of Gross Domestic Product (Fig. 9.1)

8. Industries Primary industries Secondary industries Services (tertiary industries)

9. Primary Industries Industries engaged in the extraction of natural resources, such as: Agriculture Lumbering Mining fishing

10. Primary Products The percentage of people working in agriculture exceeds 75% in many LDCs of Africa and Asia. In Anglo-America and Western Europe the figure is <5%

11. Trade in Primary Products • Importance to Developing Economies • Danger of Commodity Trade Dependence Puerto Rico Coffee Plantation

12. Secondary Industries INDUSTRIES ENGAGED IN PROCESSING RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCTS. OFTEN CALLED “MANUFACTURING.” ORE  STEEL LOGS  LUMBER FISH  PROCESSED AND CANNED

13. Secondary Activities

14. Services(pg. 321, 327-329) • consumer • Education • Government • Recreation • Tourism • Health/medicine Transportation and Communication Highways Railroads Airlines Internet Telephones Radio Television • producer • Insurance • Legal services • Banking • Advertising • Wholesaling • Retailing • Consulting • Real estate transactions • Information processing • Publishing

15. Tertiary Activities • Service sector • Provide services to: • Business sectors • General community • Individual • Link between producer and consumer

17. China’s economic activity as percent of GDP

18. Mobility Where it all began: The industrial revolution modern trends: Uneven development Deindustrialization Transnational corporations Postindustrial nations

19. Origins of the Industrial Revolution Before the industrial revolution: Cottage Industry: A traditional type of manufacturing, practiced on a small scale in individual rural households as a part-time occupation; goods were made by hand for local consumption. Guild Industry: A traditional type of manufacturing involving handmade goods of high quality manufactured by highly skilled artisans who resided in towns and cities.

20. Industrial Revolution • Began in England in the 1700s in the textile industry • Machines replaced human hands • Human power replaced by other power: water, fossil fuels • Movement from rural areas to cities • Coal and steel industries revolutionized • New forms of transportation developed: railroads, steam engines

21. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution (Fig. 9.3)

22. Majors Industrial Regions in Anglo America (Fig. 9.4)

23. Locational Shifts of Secondary Services • Early on = few global transportation networks • Industries were on a national scale with everything inside one nation • Now = industries may have different operations in many different physical locations • Impact: • Specialty industrial zones • Steel = near mining source • Textiles = near region with a large supply of inexpensive labor

24. Core-periphery in secondary industry • England and textiles • Resources are drawn from the peripheral areas leading to impoverishment of the periphery • Uneven development

25. Deindustrialization • The decline and fall of once-prosperous factory and mining areas • Manufacturing industries lost by the core countries relocate to newly industrializing lands that were once the periphery • NICs • Why would industry move to the periphery? • Brainstorm a list of possibilities with a partner for 4-5 minutes

26. Why move to NICs? • Cheap labor costs • Lower environmental standards (saves $$) • Relative proximity to expanding markets outside the traditional core

27. Deindustrialization Developed countries (U.S., europe): Moving away from manufacturing and toward postindustrial service economies Since 1950 9 out of 10 new jobs has been in service positions! Developing nations: • Still industrializing • South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Mexico, China, Brazil (NICs)

28. Deindustrialization in Europe (Fig. 9.5)

29. Map of World Manufacturing Production (Fig. 9.6)

30. Service Industry categories • Transportation/Communication/Utilities • Facilitate the distribution of goods, services, and information • Producer services • Services required by the manufacturers of goods • Insurance, banking, legal, advertising, wholesale, retail, information generation, etc. • Consumer services • Services provided to the general public • Education, government, recreation/tourism, health/medicine

31. Globalization How has globalization affected industries, services, and development? Labor supply Markets Governments and globalization Economic globalization and cultural change

32. Labor Supply, Markets, and Government Influences • LABOR SUPPLY • Increased mobility of people • Lessens labor’s influence on location • “Footloose” industries • Reliant on large labor forces • Move around to the cheapest labor pool • Outsourcing • Not just manufacturing jobs

33. Labor Supply, Markets, and Government Influences • MARKETS: the geographic area in which a product may be sold in a volume and price profitable to the manufacturer • Weight, perishability, and fragility of product influence need to locate close to market • Emerging markets in China and other developing countries • Recently opened to global market • Population is gaining capital ($$)

34. Labor Supply, Markets, and Government Influences • GOVERNMENT INFLUENCES: Why intervene? • Encourage foreign investment • Diversify industries • Bring industry (jobs) to poor regions • To develop strategic, militarily important industry • Stop mass accumulation in one specific region

35. Labor Supply, Markets, and Government Influences • GOVERNMENT INFLUENCES • Tariffs, quotas, and political obstacles • EU, NAFTA, WTO • Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and maquiladoras • EPZs: special zones created by governments to facilitate export-oriented production • 90% of these zones are located in Latin America and Asia

37. Global Sites of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) (Fig. 9.11)

38. Maquiladora in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico (Fig. 9.12)

39. Economic Globalization and Culture • How can a global market impact culture? • Alter regional economy = altering the types of jobs • Access to new cultural products – cultural interaction • Large movements rural to urban areas (folk to pop) • Reshaping gender roles • Women workers more desirable in factories

40. Nature-Culture Environmental issues in development: Renewable resource crises Acid rain Global climate change Ozone depletion Environmental sustainability

42. Environmental Issues Renewable resource crises • Deforestation • 1/3 of forest cover lost since 1950 • Rain-forest clearing • Overfishing • 30% of fish species are near a state of collapse Acid rain • Caused by burning of fossil fuels • Poisons fish • Damages plants • Lowers soil fertility • Problem has become less severe since 1990

43. Destruction of Rain Forest in Papua New Guinea (Fig. 9.13)

46. Tropical Rain Forest of the Amazon Basin (Fig. 9.14)

47. Environmental Issues Global climate change and Ozone depletion • Global warming • 8 warmest years on record occurred between 1990 and 2001 • Greenhouse effect

50. Potential impact of Global Warming • Global ice cap melting • Inundation of world’s coastlines • What percentage of the world’s population lives near the coast again??? • Kyoto Protocol 2001 • 38 industrial countries signed on to reduce greenhouse gases • U.S. is not involved…