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Walking-Working Surfaces

Walking-Working Surfaces. Introduction. Slips, trips and falls cause: the majority of general industry accidents 15% of all accidental deaths more fatalities than all other causes but motor vehicles

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Walking-Working Surfaces

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  1. Walking-Working Surfaces OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  2. Introduction • Slips, trips and falls cause: • the majority of general industry accidents • 15% of all accidental deaths • more fatalities than all other causes but motor vehicles • OSHA’s standards for walking and working surfaces apply to all permanent places of employment, except where only domestic, mining or agricultural work is performed OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  3. General Requirements • Housekeeping • Aisles and Passageways • Covers and Guardrails • Floor Loading Protection OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  4. Housekeeping • Workplaces must be kept clean, orderly and sanitary • Workroom floors must be maintained as clean and dry as possible • Every floor shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, holes or loose boards OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  5. Aisles and Passageways • Keep clear and move obstructions that could create a hazard • Mark permanent aisles and passageways • Aisles must be sufficiently wide where mechanical handling equipment is used OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  6. Covers and Guardrails Provide covers and/or guardrails to protect workers from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches and the like OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  7. Floor Loading Protection • Mark load ratings on plates and post them conspicuously • Do not place anything, anywhere exceeding the posted load rating limit OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  8. Stairways Flights of stairs with four or more risers must have standard stair railings or handrails. OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  9. Fixed Industrial Stairs • Treads must be slip resistant with uniform rise height and tread width • Must be able to carry 5 times expected load; minimum of 1000 lbs • Minimum width of 22” Photo of a Violation – several steps bent and damaged OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  10. Floor Hole Floor Opening Wall Hole Wall Opening Types of Hazardous Openings and Holes OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  11. Floor Hole • An opening measuring less than 12”, but more than 1” in its least dimension, in a floor, platform, pavement or yard, through which materials, but not persons may fall OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  12. Guarding Floor Holes • Every floor hole into which persons can accidentally walk must be guarded by either: • A standard railing with toeboard • A floor hole cover of standard strength and construction • If the floor hole cover is not in place, someone or a removable standard railing shall constantly be protecting the floor hole OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  13. Floor Opening An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its least dimension in a floor, platform, pavement, or yard, through which persons may fall OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  14. Guarding Floor Openings • Standard railings shall be provided on all exposed sides of a stairway opening, except at the entrance • They may be covered rather than guarded with rails • When the cover is removed, temporary guardrails must be in place or an attendant must be stationed at the opening to warn employees OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  15. Guarding Floor Openings • Standard railing - Consists of top rail, mid rail and posts. Height from the upper surface of top rail to floor level is 42”. Mid rail height is 21” • Standard toeboard – 4” high, with not more than ¼” clearance above the floor OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  16. Ladderway Floor Openings • Guard with a standard railing with toeboard on all exposed sides (except entrance) • Guard the passage through the railing with a swinging gate or offset it to prevent someone from walking into the opening OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  17. Open-Sided Floors and Platforms • Open-sided floors or platforms 4’ or more above adjacent floor or ground level must be guarded by a standard railing (or equivalent) on all open sides, except where there is an entrance to a ramp, stairway or fixed ladder Unguarded Platform OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  18. Open-Sided Floors and Platforms • A toeboard is required when, beneath the open sides: • people can pass • there is moving machinery • there is equipment where falling materials could create a hazard OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  19. Open-Sided Floors, Walkways, Platforms and Runways Regardless of height, a standard railing and toeboard must be used to guard: - open-sided floors - walkways - platforms, or - runways above or adjacent to dangerous equipment, pickling or galvanizing tanks, degreasing units and similar hazards. OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  20. Wall Openings • Opening at least 30 in. high and 18 in. wide, in a wall or partition, through which persons may fall • Wall openings from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet must be guarded OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  21. Wall Hole • An opening less than 30 inches, but more than 1 inch high, or unrestricted width, in any wall or partition OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  22. Portable Ladders • Do not use portable stepladders longer than 20’ • Stepladders shall have a spreader or locking device to securely hold the both sections in the open position • Do not use single ladders longer than 30’ • Do not use extension ladders longer than 60’ OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  23. Portable Ladders • Ladders used to gain access to a roof or other area must extend at least 3’ above the point of support • Withdraw defective ladders from service and tag or mark "Dangerous, Do Not Use“ • Never use ladders in a horizontal position as scaffolds or work platforms • Never use metal ladders near electrical equipment OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  24. Portable Ladders • Always face the ladder when climbing • Do not splice together short ladders to make a longer ladder • Use both hands when climbing ladders • Do not use the top of a regular stepladder as a step OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  25. Ladder AnglePortable Rung and Cleat Ladders Use at angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is ¼ the working length of the ladder (length along ladder between the foot and top support) OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  26. Fixed Ladders • Permanently attached to a structure, building or equipment • Cages or wells required if longer than 20’ to a maximum unbroken length of 30’ • Ladder safety devices may be used on tower, water tank and chimney ladders over 20’ in unbroken length instead of cage protection OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  27. Fixed Ladders • A ladder safety device (other than a cage) is designed to eliminate or reduce accidental falls • A feature of fixed ladders is the landing platform which is designed to interrupt a free fall and is a resting place during long climbs OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  28. Fixed Ladders • Cages – a guard that is fastened to the side rails of the fixed ladder or to the structure encircling the climbing space of the ladder for the safety of the person climbing • cages extend a minimum of 42” above the top of a landing unless other acceptable protection is provided • cages extend down the ladder to a point not less than 7’ and not more than 8’ above the base of the ladder OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  29. Scaffolding • Must be capable of supporting four times the maximum load • Do not alter/move it while in use • Protect workers on scaffolds from overhead hazards • If higher than 10’, use guardrails, midrails and toeboards OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  30. Scaffolding • Do not work on scaffolding during bad weather or high winds • Use wire mesh between the toeboard and guardrail if people work or pass underneath • Provide safe access to the working platform • Review 1910.28 for special requirements for different types of scaffolds OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  31. Mobile Ladder Stands and Scaffolds (Towers) • General Requirements • Keep exposed surfaces free from sharp edges, burrs or other safety hazards • Do not allow maximum height to exceed four times the minimum base dimension unless outriggers, guys or braces are added to provide stability • Work levels 10’ or more above the ground require guardrails and toeboards OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

  32. Summary • Slips, trips and falls constitute the majority of general industry accidents • OSHA’s standards for walking and working surfaces include requirements for housekeeping, guarding floor and wall openings and holes, industrial stairs and ladders • Keeping working surfaces clean, dry and uncluttered can prevent many workplace accidents OSHA Office of Training and Education - Revised by TEEX 12/04/07

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