: AtkinsonShiffrin

1. ?? ??? ?????????? ????: ???? ?????????? Atkinson?Shiffrin??????? ???????????????? ??????????

2. ???? (?) ??(Michael-Jordan_DUNKS.wmv?spinning-pen.wmv) (?) ?????(Jerome-1) (?) Oliver Sacks?????? (?)??? (Mnemonics) (?)Slater ??

3. Oliver Sacks Sacks????????,????????????? ???????,Sacks????????????;??????????????,??????? ??????????????,????????? ????,?????????????,??????????????? ?Sacks????,????????????????????????????????,??????????(1994)????????: ????????,???????????,??????,??????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????,????????????.... ???????????,???????????,??: ??(1974) ?????????(1986)

4. Oliver Sacks????? ???????????????, Sacks????????????????,??????????????????

5. ????? ?1950??,???????????????? ??,?????,??????????? ??????????(1960??),???????????????????,????????,??1967????,???????,?????????,???????????????,?????????????????? ??????????????,???1969????International Society for Krishna Consciousness?,?????Swami Bhaktivedanta ????????,??Bhaktivedanta ????????????????,??????,??1970??????????????????

6. ????? ?????,???????,?????;????????,??1971??????????????(??,??????????????) ???????,??????????? ?????????? (???????????????,???????,?????????) ?????,?????,?????????,??????????????(?????,?????????) ?????,???????,???????????????,????????????;????????????????,?????????????

7. ????? ?????????????,??????????????????,?????1975??,?????????????,?????????????,??????????????????? ??????,???????????;??????,????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????? ??????????,?????????,????????????(??????,???????????????????????)? ?????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????

8. ????? ???????: (?)????1970??????????,??1968?69???,???????? (?)????????????,?????,??????????,???????????,??????????????????,???????????????????? (?)?????,?????????????????;?????,????????????

9. ????? (?)??????????????,??????????????? ??,?????1990?????,???????????????Sacks????????,??????????,Sacks????????(?????): Sacks :?????????????? ? ???:?????????????,?????????? ?????Sacks?:????????,????????????????????? ?????????,??????,??????? ????????????????????(???????????,?????,??????????????),???????????????????? ??,???????????,???????,??????;??????????? ??????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????

10. ??? (Mnemonics) Mnemonics(???)????? mnemonikós;?????????????mind? ????,mnemonics ????? devices to help a person to remember?? ?????????????? www.iss.stthomas.edu/studyguides/memory.htm

11. ????????:???????????? Lauren Slater ???  ??????:??????? ???  ????:????????? ??? ????????? ???  ???????! ???  ?????? ???  ???? ???  ???? ???  ???? (Link to Dissociative amnesia-fact or fiction.flv) ???  ??????(?????????: Link to ??  ??) ???  ?????

12. ?????????? ??? ??????????

13. ???? ????????? (?)??????????????,???????? (?)????????????????????

14. ??????? ??????????????????:????(??)??????????? ??????(acquisition?encoding)??????????,???????????;?????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????(?,???) ? ??? ??????????????????? ????????????????????,?????????????(memory trace)???????????????????(??????;storage)???????,????????????????????,????????????????????????(???;consolidation),??????? ????????????????;????????????????????

15. ??????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????;???????????????????? ???????,????????????????????

16. ????????????? Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850~I909)?????????? (Link to memory-Ebbinghaus.wmv) ??????,????????? (?)?????????????????????????????????,????????????,???????,????,????? (?)???????????????????(?????;nonsense syllables )? (?)????????????????????????

17. ????? ?Ebbinghaus????,????????????????????(??,???????),??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????;?DAX?RAK??

18. Ebbinghaus??? ????, Ebbinghaus???????????????,??????????? ??,?????????????,????????????(?, 10?CVC??????),???????????,????????????????????? ???,?: (A)????????????, (B)????, (C)????,???????? (D)?????????????????????????,????????????????? (E)???????,??????????????

19. Ebbinghaus??? ????????????????????????,?????????????????????????? ????,?????????????;??,??????(saving)???????? ?????????,Ebbinghaus?????????????????: ?????????:1000? ?????????:400? Saving = 1000-400=600 (?) ???=(saving)/????????=60% ???????????;????????????,???????

20. Ebbinghaus?????

21. Ebbinghaus??? ??, Ebbinghaus???,??????????????? ??,???????????,???????Saving????? ???,?????????????????,?????????????10?,???????saving?????????????

22. ??????? Ebbinghaus ??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????? ??,????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????? ??,???????????????????????????????????????????? ???,??????????????;????????????????????,??????????,???????????????

23. ??????? Ebbinghaus??????????????,????????????????????? ?????????,?????????????(task),????????????????????,????????,???????????? ????,??????????????:????????(implicit memory tasks)?????????(explicit memory tasks)? ????????????????????,????????????????????

24. ?????? ?????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????: ??????(free recall) ?????????;??????: (1) ??????????????????, (2) ??????????,???????????????? (3) ??????????????(???)?????????? ?????????????,???????????????? (Link to memory-STM-task.wmv)

25. ????(recognition) ???????????????????????????;???????,???,????????????,??????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????(cued recall) ??????????????????????????????,???????????(?,?????),??????,?????????????????(?,?___),???????????????(?????)? ???????????????????????? ??????(paired-associates learning) ???????,?????????????????????(?,?—?,?—?),????????????????????????,?????????????????????(?,?),???????????(?,?)? ?????????????????????,????,??????????,?????????,???????????,????????????

26. ?????? ??????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????(?,??)???? ??,(A)?????????,(B)???,???????????????????????,(C)?????????????,????????????????????????: (A)??????????????????????????? (B)??????,??????????????(?,?___),?????????;???????????????????????????,????????????? (C)???????????????????????? ??????,????????????????????????,??????????????

27. Atkinson ?Shiffrin??????? ??? ?????? ???

28. ???????? ????? ????????????????????,St. Augustine ???????????????????? ????????????,???????????,????????????????????????,??????????

29. ???????? ???????????? ??? 1950 ? 1960 ?,?????(information processing approach)?????????;????????????????????????,???????????????? ??????????,????????? St. Augustine ???(?????)(Broadbent, 1958; Waugh & Norman, 1965);??,??????????????????,?????????????????

30. 1960?1970??????? Link to memory-classic-model.wmv

31. ???? ???????????????: (?)?????????(???)?? ????????????????????????????????? ??,??????????????,??????????????,??????????? ???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????? ?Atkinson ?Shiffrin????,????????????????????????? ????,?????????????????,??????????????????,????????? ???????,???????????(???)??(??????(sensory memory)?????????????),???????????????????

32. ???? (?)??????? ????????????????????????????;?????????????????????????????????????? ??? Atkinson ? Shiffrin ????,???????????????,?????,????????????;????????????????????????

33. ???? Atkinson ?Shiffrin???????????????,???????output(??)??????input(??),??????????????????? ??,?????????????,????????????(sensory memory)???????????(short-term memroy),????????????(long-term memory)? ???????????????????,??????? ?? ?????? ?????????????????(rehearsal) ?

34. 60?70??????????? ?????????????????????: ????????????? ??,???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????????????????

35. ???? ???????????????;???????????????????? ????,???????????????????????????????;??????????,?????????????????????????????(????????,iconic memory),????????????????????(????????,echoic memory)?

36. Sperling??? ??Sperling(1960)????????????????? Sperling ?????50???????????????????;????????????4.5????? ???,Sperling??,???????????????,?????????4.5????

37. Sperling??? ?????4.5?????????????????????????????,Sperling??????,???????? ???????,??????????????????????(????????whole report)?(?????) ?????????????(partial report);?????????,???????;?????????????(???????????????),?????(??????????????),???????(???????????????)?

38. Sperling??? ???????????????????4.5????,?????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????1.5???? ??????,????????3.3???;????????????????????4.5????;???????????10???(3.3 * 3)???????????????,???????????4.5??????????????????????4.5????,??????????

39. Sperling??? ????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????4.5?????,?????????????????????? ?????????,Sperling???????????? ??????,Sperling???????, ??????????????(0.15??0.3??0.5??1.0? )?

40. Sperling??? ???????? ?????????,????????????????1????;???????????1 ?????,????????????????????

41. Sperling??? Sperling???????????????????;??,????????????? ????????,Sperling (?)???????????,??????? (?)??????? ?????????????????????(?,????????????????????????) ????,???????????????????,????????? ?????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????? Sperling??,????????????,????????????

42. Sperling??? ????, Sperling?????: (?) ????????????? (?) ????????????,????????????????????

43. ???? ??Sperling ????????????,??????????????STM??? ???????????STM????????STM????????????

44. ??????? ????????????????????????????,??????????(?,??)??????,??????????,??????(??????????)?????????? ???????George Miller???? ????????????????????????????,??????????7??2????? George Miller???7??2????STM???,?????the magical number seven, plus or minus two?????????

45. ??????? ?????????George Miller????STM???????????????????????????????,?7??2???????????????????,?????????????? (?)???????(chunk)??? (?)??????????(serial position curve)????

46. ??????(chunk) ??Miller?????,????????????,???????7?2????????,????????,??????????,?????????? ?????????????????? ??,?????141692549368164????????????,????????????????????9?????? ??,???????????15??????1?9???,?????????????1 4 16 9 25 49 36 81 64,???????????1 2 4 3 5 7 6 9 8 (???);???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????,????????5?6????;?????????:??????????????????,?????????????????

47. ??????(chunk) ????????????????????,??????????(chunks);???????,??????????????????? ?????????????,???????????????? ????????;???7??2??????????????

48. ?????? ????????????,?????????????,???????;????????????????(serial position curve;Rundas?????)?

49. ?????? ????????????????:??????(primacy effect),??????(recency effect)????????? ???????????????????,?????????????? ??????????????????????,????????????????????;????????????????????? ??????????,???????????(???????????)?,????????????

50. ?????? ??Atkinson?Sheffrin???,??????????????????????? ??????(primacy effect)????????????????;????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????;?????????????????? ??,??????????????????????? (?)???????????,????????????,??????????????? ????, (?)? ?????,???????????,?????????????? (?)?????????,???????????????,????????????

51. ?????? Rundas??????????????? ????,???????????????,?????????

52. ?????? Postman?Phillips (1965)?????????????????? ????????????: (?)??????????????? (?)???????????????????????(0??30?)?

53. ?????? ??????: (?)??????????????? (?)?????????????30????????,????????????? ????????,??????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????

54. ??????? ????,??????????,????????????????????,???????(????)????STM???? ??????????????????????,????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????

55. ?????????????? Peterson?Peterson???????????,????????????????????????????????

56. Peterson?Peterson????? ????????????: (?)????? STM ???18??? (?)?? STM ?????????:??????????(decay)? ???????????: (?)?????? CCC ?,???????????????? (?)?????????????? CCC ???,???????CCC????????,????????????????,?????CCC?????????CCC???????????????

57. Keppel ? Undrwood??? ,???????????STM??????Keppel ?Undrwood(1963)??,Peterson ? Peterson????????????????,?????????????????????????? STM ?????? ?Keppel ? Undrwood????,????Peterson ?Peterson ?????, (?)?????????????????(?,?????????) (?)?????????????????3?,9??18?? ?????????(???????????)??????????????? CCC ??????

58. Keppel ? Undrwood??? ??????;??????,????(interference)????????????

59. ????????????? Soul Sternberg(1966)???????????????????????, (?)?????????(?????:?????????,???6?), (?)?????????(???????;probe); ???????????????????????? ??,??????????(C?Q?M),?????????J?,???????????(??????,???????????),?????????M?,??????????????? ???,????????????????????,??????????????;?????????????????????????????????

60. Sternberg?????,????????????????????????? ???,????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????,???????????????????????? ????????????????,???????????????????,???????????C,???Q,????M?

61. ????????????? ??????????????????,?????????????????????(??),??????,???????????,????????????????????????

62. ????????????? ??????????????????,?????????????,????????????;????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????

63. ???? ????????????????????????(?)?????????????????????? ????????,?????????????????;????,??????????????????(???????????)? (?)?????????????????????,??????????????????? ????????????????????,??????????????????????

64. ????:???????????????? ??? ??????????

65. ???? ?Atkinson ?Shiffrin??????? ?, (?)????????????????,?????(?20?)? ??,??????(rehearse),??????????STM?;????????????????????????????,??LTM?????????????????? (Consolidation)????,???????????? (?)???????????????????????????????,???LTM???????(A)??(schema)???,(B)????,????????????

66. ???(Consolidation) Squire & Fox (1980)?????????,??????????,???????????????????? Zola-Morgan & Squire (1990)???????;????????,?16?????????100??????? 16?(20?)12?(20?)8?(20?)4?(20?)2?(20?) ?? 2? ???? ??,???????????????????4?????????? Link to???_Jerome-2-consolidate-recall.wmv

67. ??(Schema) ?LTM?, ?????????????? ?????????????,??????????????? ??, ??????????????;?????????????????(??????)?????(?????????)? ??????????: ?????????, ??????, ????????????

68. ????? ??????,????????????????(??)??????? ???,??????????????,??????????? ??,??????????,??????????? ????,?????????????,????????

69. Bransford ? Johnson??? ???,?????????????;??????????????????????????: ?????????,??,???????????????,??,???????,??????????????,???????,????????;??????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????,?????,???????????????????????????????,????????????,????????????,????,????????????????????????,?????? ? ???,????????????:??????????????????????????????? ??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??,??????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????

70. ?????

71. ????:??? ????????????????????????;?????? ?????(mnemonics)? ??(??????????)??????????????????????????????? ?????(method of loci)?????????????????,??????????????????????????;?A?????????? ???,????????,??????????????????

72. ???? ?????????????,??????????????;??????????????,????????????? ?????????(the tip-of-togue phenomenon)?????????????????????????(retrieval cue)???????

73. ???? ????????????:????????,?????????,???????????????,??????? William James????????: ?????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????? ??????????,?????????????,???????????,?????????,???????,????????? ???????????????,??????????????,?????,????????????????????, ?????????????,?????????

74. Brown?McNeill(1966)??? ???,????????? (??,sampan) ?????(??,???????)?,?????? ???????????????,?????????????????,????????? ?????????:?????????, ???????:??????50%??, ???????:???????50%? ??????:???????????????? ?????,?????????,??????????????? ???,?????????????????,????????????????????????(?? ??????(inaccessible) ???)????;???????????????????????????????????????

75. ??????????? ??: (?)???????????????;??????????, (?)?????????????????????? ?????????,????????????????,??????? (???Dissociative amnesia-fact or fiction.flv?????)

76. Loftus??? (?)????????????????????? (?)?????????,?????

77. 1970?? ??????????????;?????,??????????????????????????????Atkinson ?Shiffrin???????,??????????????????? (?) Level of processing (????) ??? (?)??????(maintenance rehearsal) (?)????????

78. Level of processing (????) ??? ??????,??????????????????????(Craik & Lockhart, 1972)? ??????: (?)????????????(????48??),????????????????,???????(??????)?????????????????????? ????????: (A)?????????:??,??????????? (B)???????:??,?????train?????? (C)???????:???????????????The girl placed the ______ on the table?? (?)?????48???,?????????,??????????????

79. Level of processing ??? ?????,??????????????????,?????????????(??????????????,????????????)? ??????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????? ????????

80. Level of processing ??? ??????,?????????????,????????,?????????????(Craik & Tulving, 1975)? ?????????????????,???????????????????(Baddeley, 1978),?????????:?,???????????????

81. ???????????? ??????,?????????????????? ??????,???????????????? ????,????????????????????,??????????????????????:?????????????????????? ?????,??????????????(encoding specificity ;Tulving & Osier, 1968)

82. ???????????? Godden ? Baddeley(1975)?????????????,????????????????,???(???)??????????(?????)???????????? ??????,?????,?????????;??????????????? ???????????????????

83. ??????(maintenance rehearsal) ???????????????????? ??????,STM????????????LTM?;?????????????STM???decay,???????????????????????,????????LTM? ??,????LTM??????????,????,??LTM??????? ?????????????????,????????????STM??LTM????

84. ???????? (?)????????,????????,???????????????????(?G)???????,??????,???????????????????????? ??????: Daughter, Oil, Rifle, Garden, Grain, Table, Football, Anchor, Giraffe, Pillow, Thunder ???????????G????;??????????????G????,??????G??????? (?)??????????????????????????Grain???????Garden?? (?)??????,???????????????,????????????? ;Garden?Grain??????????, (Craik & Watkins, 1973)?

85. ????????: ??????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????,??????????????;???????????,????????????????????,????????????

86. ??????? ????????????????,?????anterograde amnesia???,??????????????????,????,??????????(???????????)? ?:??????????,?retrograde amnesia???????????????????

87. HM ?????????,HM?29????????;??,?????????,??????? ??,HM????,???????????????? (?)???????????????,?????????,????????? (?)??????????,???????????,?????????? (?)??????????,????,?????????????????;?????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????????(Milner,1966; Milner, Corkin & Teuber,1968; Marslen-wilson & Teuber, 1975; Corkin,1984)? ??HM???????????,???????????????????????;??????,???,?????????,???????,??????? HM??????????????,??????????????????????????

88. ??????? ???????????HM??;????????,????????????? ????????????;????????????????,????????????,?????????(Salice & Warrington, 1970; Basso, Spinnier, Vallar & Zanobio,1982)?

89. ????????? ????,???????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????,?????????? ????? Sacks????????:???? ???????????, (?)???????????? (?)?????????????

90. ????????? ?????????,???????????????????(???),???????????,??????????(??????????,??????????,?????)? ??STM?????LTM?????,??STM?????????????,???????????????????,STM????????????????(Basso et al., 1982; Vallar & Baddeley, 1984)? ???????,???????????,????????????????(?????????????????),????????????????????????(?????????????),????????????????;????????????(??)??,??????(??)???

91. ?????????? ???????????????????????,?????????????????????????? (?)??????????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????? (?)???????????

92. ??????? ???????(SM,STM?LTM)????????????????????;????????????????(STM)???????????????(LTM)? ????????,???????????????????????;??,?????????? ??????(???STM),??????????????,???????????? ???STM???????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????;??????????(active memory),???????(working memory)????????(primary memory ;William James)? ??????????????(process)?????????

93. Alan Badeley?WM?? ??????,WM???????: ????????(visualspatial scratch pad), ??????(articulatory loop), ??????(central executive):??????,??,??????? ?????????????????????????????????????

94. ????????,????????????????????????(WM)??????????????(LTM)????? ??????????????????? ??,?????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????7??2?????????? ??,?????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????(?????????????),??????????????????? ???????????????????;??????,?????????????????,????????????(Baddeley, 1976, 1986)?

95. ???????:????????? ???? ????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????(explicit memory)? ???? ????????????,??????????,????????????????,???????????????????,?????????????????????(implicit memory)?

96. ????????? ????,??????????????(explicit memory)???;??,??????????????????????? ??????,???????????????????,??: ?????????????????(????) ?XX???????????????(??) ??????????????,??????????????,??????????;???????????????????????????????????,??????? ????,???????,????,???????????(implicit memory)???????(Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, 1987)?

97. ????????? ?????????;????: (?)???????????(?,crocodile,….),??????????????????? (?)???????????,??????????,???C RO??LE(crocodile) ? ????,????????????????,?????????????????? (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981; Tulving, Schacter & Stark, 1982; Graf & Mandler, 1984)?

98. LTM ????: ????(episodic memory):????????????????????????? ????(semantic memory):??????????? ????: ????(procedural memory) ????????,?????????????????

99. ????

100. ???????

101. Squire ? Cohen?LTM??

102. ???? ????????,????????????????? ?????????: (?)????????????????(??????????) (?)?????,???????(??????????,????????,??????????) (?)?????????,????????????????(?????????????)

103. ???? ????????????,????????????????;????????????????????;????????????????????? HM??????anterograde amnesia???;???????????????????????????????,????HM???????? (A)???????:????????????;????????????????HM????????????????????)? ??????HM????,?????????????,HM???(??????????)????????,?????????,??????????;????????????????

104. (B)?????:HM???????,?????????????????,HM??????????,????????????????,???HM????HM????????,?????????;??HM????????? ???????????,?????????;HM??????????????

105. ???? ?????,HM?????????????????????????,??????????,?HM????????????,???????????? ??????,??HM??????,???????????? Link to???_Jerome-3-procedure.wmv

106. ?? (?)??????,???????(A)?,???????(Alzheimer's Disease )???? Link to ?????.wmv (?)?????????????,????????????????,?????(??,????)???? ???????????????(A4)????(??????;MS WORD??:??????,???14,?????)