9 /01阅读点题

1. 9 /01阅读点题 TOEFL'S READING By: 罗卫

2. 9/01机经 • 北美剩下的新拼盘和大陆口语写作题是重中之重。1、北美剩下的新拼盘(第1组，已经删除补充的口语3-6题和综合写作，剩下部分为必看重点)2、大陆套题口语1,2和独立写作(已缩小范围，必看重点)

3. 拼盘一级重点第二组 • exceedingly 非常，极端地（=extremely） • hasten 加快，促进（=speed up，accelerate） • bulk 大量（=mass） • contribute 捐助；添加（=give，add to） • embody 使具体化；代表（=incarnate；incorporate；represent）

4. 拼盘一级重点第二组 • 1.水资源在农业上的利用，以某个古国为例，说过渡灌溉造成盐碱化的内容较多。 • 2.工业的发展。 • 3.恐龙的灭绝。（从地质方面的讨论）

5. 拼盘一级重点第二组 • accumulate（=build up） • subsequence（=later） • coincide（=happen at the same time） • catastrophe 大灾难 • enormous（=huge；immense）

6. 拼盘一级重点第二组 • 1.深海生物的研究。 • 2.生态系统。 • 3.美国小城干旱缺水。 • 4.希腊的环境观。

7. 拼盘一级重点第三组 • 1.Egypt选都问题。 • 2.农药的使用问题。 • 3.上石器时代。 • 4.sea grass。

8. Vocabulary questions词汇题 • The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to • In the case of a phrase, the question might be: • In stating X, the author means that

9. Vocabulary questions词汇题 代入法 褒贬义法 构词法 注：最后要回到原文当中检验是否正确

10. 1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○natural ○final ○specific ○complex Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. 代入法 考察与前后句的关系

11. 8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○increase ○ensure ○favor ○complicate In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. 代入法 考察与前后句的关系

12. 10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to 代入句中考察词的褒贬义 褒贬义法 ○increases proportionally ○differs ○loses significance ○is common • The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount…,for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

13. 构词法 词根词缀法 The word “dormant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○hidden ○underground ○inactive○preserved • dorm=sleep,表示"睡眠" • dormitory n 寝室，宿舍(dorm+itory表示场所) • dormitive n 安眠的(dorm+itve)

14. Rhetorical purpose questions修辞目的题 词句修辞目的题 • The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to . . . • Why does the author mention X? • The author uses X as an example of . . . 段落修辞目的题 In paragraph x, the author’s primary purpose is to?

15. Rhetorical purpose questions 修辞目的题 词句 原句 前一句 段首 观 点 段落 段 首

16. 段落修辞目的题 In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author’s primary purpose is to • ○describe how petroleum is formed • ○explain why petroleum formation is a slow process • ○provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formation • ○show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas

17. p1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. p2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. ○ describe how petroleum is formed

18. 词句修辞目的题 1.9 In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle”?

19. 词句修辞目的题 A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. ○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example

20. 1. What purpose does paragraph 2 serve in the larger discussion of children’s inability to recall early experiences? • 　　　○To argue that the ones that are not substantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliable • 　　　○To argue that the hypotheses mentioned in paragraph 2 have been more thoroughly researched than have the theories mentioned later in the passage • 　　　○To explain why some theories about infantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be true • 　　　○To explain why infantile amnesia is of great interest to researchers

21. How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation--that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development-also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression---or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon．While such repression may occur，people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either. Three other explanations seem more promising.

22. ○对谁发问，找谁 ○ 四大关键词，不是万能方法 ○ 用两个有效信息同时定位 ○ 对于题干中的X太宽泛，文中出现大段描述时， 看前三句（或前三行），行不通就选项定位

23. 句子插入题 2.13 There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.

24. Paragraph 2: One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. █Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. █Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.   Paragraph 3: █The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. █The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.

25. 16.12 These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.

26. Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. ■Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. ■The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

27. 4.13 Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.

28. Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █

29. 3.13 Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.

30. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. █This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. █But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. █Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. █

31. 句子简化题 01 4.4 Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

32. 句子简化题 01 ○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation. ○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter. ○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum. ○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.

33. 句子简化题 02 2.11 In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

34. 句子简化题 02 ○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse. ○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food. ○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit. ○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

35. 句子简化题 03 11.6 As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

36. 句子简化题 03 The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting. ○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined. ○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas. ○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

37. BYE FOR NOW 罗卫