Turning Outlines into Rough Drafts

1. Turning Outlines into Rough Drafts Before you turn in a rough draft, make sure you review the RUBRIC and the SOPHOMORE RESEARCH PAPER SHEET.

2. Introduction • The outline is the “skeleton” of your paper • Rough drafts are putting “meat” on the “bones.”

3. Rough Drafts • Composing is a fluid process – we are always interested in perfecting our craft, in working hard to make it the best we can. • As Shakespeare said, “Take Pains, Be Perfect.”

4. Hypothetical Thesis • Mark Twain criticizes 19th century America’s racism by characterizing Huckleberry Finn’s rejection of conventional, narrow-minded, and discriminatory values in favor of finding a personal connection with Jim.

5. Hypothetical Outline VII. Huck’s Realization A. By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship. B. Tom is shot; Jim comes to his aid; Jim comes out of hiding to help, Huck is impressed C. “I know’d he was white inside” (Twain 230). D. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different, Jim has the same morals. Huck identifies his values with Jim’s when he calls Jim “white inside.” Huck’s use of the word “white” suggests Huck thinks of Jim as he thinks of himself—upstanding, straightforward, and pure of heart. Huck’s use of the word “inside” suggests it is what is beneath the surface, in one’s conscience, that defines a man.

6. This is awesome!

7. Step 1: The Topic Sentence • Make it specific and debatable. • Make it clear what the entire paragraph is about. • Use appropriate transitions.

8. Step 1: The Topic Sentence • Outline: By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship. • Rough Draft: By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship; he is able to see how little race matters when defining a man’s integrity.

9. Step 2: Adding Context • The context follows the topic sentence and sets up the quote. • You cannot simply drop your quote after the topic sentence. • You must introduce it by briefly by summarizing a few relevant plot details.

10. Step 2: Adding Context • Tom is shot; Jim comes to his aide; Jim comes out of hiding to help; Huck is impressed. • Tom Sawyer, delirious after being shot in a foolish and ultimately unnecessary attempt to rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the danger inherent in the situation, comes out of hiding and risks his own liberty to help Tom find a doctor.

11. Paragraph So Far By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship; he is able to see how little race matters when defining a man’s integrity. Tom Sawyer, delirious after being shot in a foolish and ultimately unnecessary attempt to rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the danger inherent in the situation, comes out of hiding and risks his own liberty to help Tom find a doctor.

12. I love term papers!!!!

13. Step 3: Add The Quote • The primary source quote follows the context. • Don’t orphan the quote, tag it: be sure to introduce it in some way, usually using its speaker. • Primary source quote must be followed by an appropriate parenthetical citation, including the author’s name and page number(s) in parentheses.

14. Step 3: Add the Quote • “I know’d he was white inside” (Twain 230). • Huck, when presented with such a striking example of Jim’s compassion, remarks, “I knowed he was white inside” (Twain 230). OR • “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing such a striking example of Jim’s compassion (Twain 230).

15. Paragraph So Far By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship; he is able to see how little race matters when defining a man’s integrity. Tom Sawyer, delirious after being shot in a foolish and ultimately unnecessary attempt to rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the danger inherent in the situation, comes out of hiding and risks his own liberty to help Tom find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing such a striking example of Jim’s compassion (Twain 230).

16. I can’t believe how much fun this is!

17. Step 4: Add an Explanation • After the quote, it is necessary to provide an inference explaining its relevance to your paper’s point and overall thesis. • Expand, if necessary, the inference from your outline. • If you cannottie the quote to the thesis, then the quote is no good. Start over.

18. Step 4: Adding an Explanation Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different, Jim has the same morals. Huck identifies his values with Jim’s when he calls Jim “white inside.” Huck’s use of the word “white” suggests Huck thinks of Jim as he thinks of himself—upstanding, straightforward, and pure of heart. Huck’s use of the word “inside” suggests it is what is beneath the surface, in one’s conscience, that defines a man. Huck’s statement affirms his progression as a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different, Jim has the same morals. Huck identifies his values with Jim’s when he calls Jim “white inside.” Huck’s use of the word “white” suggests Huck thinks of Jim as he thinks of himself—upstanding, straightforward, and pure of heart. Huck’s use of the word “inside” suggests it is what is beneath the surface, in one’s conscience, that defines a man.

19. Paragraph So Far • By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship; he is able to see how little race matters when defining a man’s integrity. Tom Sawyer, delirious after being shot in a foolish and ultimately unnecessary attempt to rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the danger, comes out of hiding and risks his own liberty to help Tom find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing such a striking example of Jim’s compassion (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression as a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different, Jim has the same morals. Huck identifies his values with Jim’s when he calls Jim “white inside.” Huck’s use of the word “white” suggests Huck thinks of Jim as he thinks of himself—upstanding, straightforward, and pure of heart. Huck’s use of the word “inside” suggests it is what is beneath the surface, deepin one’s conscience, that defines a man. Ultimately, Huck thinks of Jim as an equal, and therefore as a man with whom he can make an authentic personal connection.

20. I wonder what could be next?!

21. Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote • Secondary source quotes are scholarly affirmations of your original thoughts. • If you do not have a secondary source to support what you claim, then you are probably following an unworkable line of thought, or you did not search hard enough or long enough. • You cannot simply drop a secondary source quote. • It, like a primary source quote, must be introduced using context and a tagand must be followed by a parenthetical citation.

22. Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote • “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15). • Huck’s breakthrough serves to support the overarching theme of the book described by Kaye in her article “Huck’s Moral Vision” that “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).

23. So Far…. By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship; he is able to see how little race matters when defining a man’s integrity. Tom Sawyer, delirious after being shot in a foolish and ultimately unnecessary attempt to rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the danger, comes out of hiding and risks his own liberty to help Tom find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing such a striking example of Jim’s compassion (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression as a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different, Jim has the same morals. Huck identifies his values with Jim’s when he calls Jim “white inside.” Huck’s use of the word “white” suggests Huck thinks of Jim as he thinks of himself—upstanding, straightforward, and pure of heart. Huck’s use of the word “inside” suggests it is what is beneath the surface, deep in one’s conscience, that defines a man. Huck’s breakthrough serves to support the overarching theme of the book described by Kaye in her article “Huck’s Moral Vision,” that “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).

24. Step 6: Wrapping It All Up • Now, it is time to add a Conclusion Sentence. • The Conclusion Sentence should do two things: 1. one, summarize the significance of the quotation, and 2. two, reconnect to the thesis.

25. Finally: • By the end of the novel, Huck has progressed so much that he recognizes Jim as an equal worthy of his companionship; he is able to see how little race matters when defining a man’s integrity. Tom Sawyer, delirious after being shot in a foolish and ultimately unnecessary attempt to rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the danger, comes out of hiding and risks his own liberty to help Tom find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing such a striking example of Jim’s compassion (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression as a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different, Jim has the same morals. Huck identifies his values with Jim’s when he calls Jim “white inside.” Huck’s use of the word “white” suggests Huck thinks of Jim as he thinks of himself—upstanding, straightforward, and pure of heart. Huck’s use of the word “inside” suggests it is what is beneath the surface, deep in one’s conscience, that defines a man. Huck’s breakthrough serves to support the overarching theme of the book described by Kaye in her article “Huck’s Moral Vision,” that “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).Ultimately, Huck thinks of Jim as an equal, and therefore as a man with whom he can make an authentic personal connection.

27. Your Body Paragraph Structure • PC(1)Q(1)E(1)C(2)Q(2)C= • Point • Context for Primary Source Quote • Primary Source Quote • Explanation for Primary Source Quote • Context for Secondary Source Quote or Paraphrase • Secondary Source Quote or Paraphrase • Special Conclusion(TWO functions)

28. Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs • The introductory and concluding paragraphs should be the last ones you write. • Develop all of your supporting details first; you will use the introduction to lead into them and the conclusion to recapitulate them.

29. Imagine a paper is like this: Intro The intro is like a funnel, starting broad and then getting specific. The last sentence is the thesis. Body Paragraphs #s 1-6 With a primary source Quote AND a secondary source Quote or Paraphrase in each The conclusion functions the opposite way. It starts specific with a restatement of the thesis, then gets broad, ending with a generalization. Conclusion

30. Sample Intro Paragraph • Here is the original thesis: Mark Twain criticizes 19th century America’s narrow-minded racism by characterizing Huckleberry Finn’s rejection of conventional values in favor of a personal connection with Jim, and his moral growth from a blind follower to an open-eyed leader. • The following slide depicts its placement in an introductory paragraph.

31. Sample Intro Paragraph: Nineteenth-century America was a time of tumultuous change. Within one hundred years, the nation was ripped apart and reunited by a bloody civil war, the outcome of which was that a large percentage of the population once considered property became recognized as citizens. Mark Twain was attune to the feelings of national discord leading up to the war. As a southerner who frequently traveled north to revel in the success of his first masterpiece, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain saw first-hand the marked contrast in values between southerners and northerners, and he reacted with disgust against his southern peers. In the process of creating The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, what Twain set out to create—simply an amusing sequel to his previous success—quickly transformed into a serious and bitter criticism of the world around him. His hero transformed too; he transformed from a careless renegade into a thoughtful symbol of moral progress. Thesis: Mark Twain criticizes 19th century America’s racism by characterizing Huckleberry Finn’s rejection of conventional, narrow-minded, and discriminatory values in favor of finding a personal connection with Jim.

32. Conclusion Paragraph • Conclusion does the opposite of the Introduction. Rephrase the thesis at its opening, gradually broaden, and grow towards an insightful connection to the modern world. • Keep it short.

33. Sample Conclusion Paragraph Through the moral development of his young protagonist, Mark Twain succeeds in criticizing the racism of 19th century America. Twain intended for Huck’s growth to be the model for those who read his work, and he hoped Huck’s “sound heart” would succeed in fracturing the “deformed conscience” of the society Twain maligned. In some ways, Twain’s vision has yet to come to fruition, because over 150 years after the emancipation proclamation, African-Americans still face injustices. Even so, Twain’s optimism still inspires and his example guides, and Twain’s work remains a mainstay of American secondary education.

34. Awesome to the max!

35. As noted before, please re-read the Rubric and the Sophomore Research Paper Sheet before you hand in anything… You will get a ZERO if you do not show up during your time slot with your rough draft 100% COMPLETED in a GOOD FAITH EFFORT at following this presentation. I will do at least one random “page number” check, either from a secondary source or the primary source. I will look to see that your sources match what you have written on your paper. You must pass the check to pass the assignment. We will read parts of the essay together aloud. I am not correcting grammar errors unless they impede understanding, though you are still responsible for fixing them. I am focusing on clarity of ideas, organization, and rigor. What Will Happen during Conference?