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Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids…

Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids…. Can create an “infection” that can lead to the death of the “infected organism? …appears to be able to replicate itself… …is not a bacteria! …is smaller than a virus? …is not a virus! …contains no genetic information

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Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids…

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  1. Beyond Viruses…Beyond Viroids… Can create an “infection” that can lead to the death of the “infected organism? …appears to be able to replicate itself… …is not a bacteria! …is smaller than a virus? …is not a virus! …contains no genetic information …whose structure is made by all living things…

  2. PRIONS: The Brain Eater… A PRION is a… PROteinaceous INfectious particle. This simply means that a protein can cause a particular disease and it can be given to another individual and they can then get the same disease. HYPOTHESIS

  3. PRIONS: DID YOU KNOW… • People often assume that scientists try to prove hypotheses or theories. • WRONG • Hypotheses can never be proved; they can only be disproved. • A hypothesis that fails one or more tests is considered disproved and it is discarded. • A valid hypothesis can be revised.

  4. PRIONS: The Brain Eater… In Class Reading… The History of Scrapie, CDJ and Kuru

  5. PRIONS: Are PRIONs a new form of life? 1- Are PRIONs made of cell? NO 2- Are PRIONs organized? YES 3- Do PRIONs use energy? NO 4- Are PRIONs responsive? NO (hypothesized)

  6. PRIONS: Are PRIONs a new form of life? 5- Do PRIONs grow? (enlarge and divide) NO 6- Do PRIONs reproduce? YES (hypothesized) ~kind of, they recruit normal proteins by changing their shape 7- Do PRIONs adapt? Don’t know yet, they may mutate in other viable forms however.

  7. PRIONS: Are PRIONs a new form of life? 8- Do PRIONs die? NO, however like all proteins, their structure can be degraded or denatured by heat. 9- Do PRIONs come from pre-existing prions? YES (hypothesized) ~ existing PRIONs convert normal Prion-like protein structures into abnormal viablePRION geometries.

  8. PRIONS: Origin & Structure Pre-infectious prion proteins or PrPc, like this one are naturally created by and are found in the membranes of normal host cells. FACT

  9. PRIONS: Origin & Structure FACT All mammals appear to have prion protein genes and the gene sequences are similar, but not identical, in related species.

  10. PRIONS: Transformations

  11. PRIONS: Transformations

  12. PRIONS: Infection O – Origin of PRIONs Contaminated meat Digestive Track Blood Stream L – White Blood Cell S – Spleen N – Spleen to Brain B – Brain HYPOTHESIS

  13. Rouge Infectious PRION > PRIONS: Transformation Normal Prion Protein HYPOTHESIS Nerve Cell Rouge PRIONTransforms NormalPrion

  14. PRIONS: Shape Transformation “Shape Shifting” Normal Prions Infectious PRIONS Before AFTER

  15. PRIONS: Shape Transformation Before AFTER Normal Prions Infectious PRIONS

  16. PRIONS: What is the evidence? Normal Brain Tissue “Dead Space” AFTER Before Amyloid Clusters Diseased Brain Tissue

  17. PRIONS: What is the Impact? One part of the prion protein can cause apoptosis, or programmed cell death; FACT …perhaps this mechanism explains the pattern of the disease. HYPOTHESIS

  18. PRIONS: What is the Impact? Prions induce no immune reactions within the human. FACT …perhaps this mechanism explains the pattern of the disease. HYPOTHESIS

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