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The Influence of Environmental Regulatory Genes on Behavior and Physiological Processes

This overview explores how environmental regulatory genes impact gene expression, influencing behaviors and physiological mechanisms across various organisms. Emphasizing the role of structural genes and enzyme production, the text discusses the intricate relationships between environmental factors and genetic regulation, including the development of the nervous, skeletal, and endocrine systems. By examining case studies such as song patterns in crickets, foulbrood resistance in honeybees, and mating behaviors in Drosophila, we gain insights into the genetic basis of behavior and its heritability.

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The Influence of Environmental Regulatory Genes on Behavior and Physiological Processes

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  1. Genes and Behaviour

  2. Process Environmental Regulatory genes

  3. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off

  4. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes

  5. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes

  6. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Regulated biochemical reactions Physical (e.g. temp)

  7. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Regulated biochemical reactions Physical (e.g. temp) Cell metabolism

  8. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Regulated biochemical reactions Physical (e.g. temp) Cell metabolism Development of nervous, skeletal & endocrine systems Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Environmental influences (e.g. visual input for the development of the CNS) Physiological mechanisms

  9. Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Regulated biochemical reactions Physical (e.g. temp) Cell metabolism Development of nervous, skeletal & endocrine systems Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Environmental influences (e.g. visual input for the development of the CNS) Physiological mechanisms Sensory perception, CNS processing, Motor generation Environmental influences(e.g. social environment) BEHAVIOUR

  10. INHERITANCE OF SONG PATTERNS IN CRICKETS (BENTLEY, 1971) Teleogryllus commodus Teleogryllus oceanicus X X X F1 hybrid T. commodus x F1 backcross T. oceanicus x F1 backcross

  11. Quantitative Genetics 2 alleles 1 allele X alleles For any trait: Total variance = genetic variance + environmental variance Or VT= VG+ VE

  12. VG Heritability = VG+ VE

  13. Foulbrood in Honeybees Under the control of two alleles

  14. Foulbrood in Honeybees Under the control of two alleles u - for uncapping U - no uncapping r - removal R - no removal Hygenic Non-hygenic Female (uurr) X Male (UR) All females - non-hygenic (UuRr)

  15. Foulbrood in Honeybees Now do various backcrosses F1 females to males

  16. Artificial Selection - Drosophila geotaxis Selection of positively and negatively geotactic Drosophila

  17. Artificial selection - mating speed in Drosophila Fast maters Control Slow maters First half of maters Second half of maters Repeat for 25 generations Got three distinct lines Fast - 3 mins Slow - 80 mins Control - 5 mins

  18. Hybridization Experiments - Lovebirds Fischer’s Peach-faced

  19. Hybridization experiments - Sokolowski P1 Sitter Rover Sitter Rover Path length Path length Sitter Rover Sitter Rover F1 x F1 Path length Path length

  20. E. Parent Offspring Regression Activity scores with Drosophila • Slope = heritability • • • • • • • • • • Offspring • • • • Mid-parent score (P1 + P2) 2

  21. F. Comparative approach - Temperature selection in Peromyscus Preferred Temperature (Adults) -5 0 5 10 15

  22. Dunce and rutabaga genes - Drosophila ATP cAMP cAMP phosphodiesterase Adenylyl cyclase Binds and activates PKA activates CREB Turns on genes that cause changes in structure and function of nerve cells that govern memory

  23. What about genes that affect larger collections of behavioural acts? fosB gene in mice Brown et al. 1996. A defect in nurturing in mice lacking the immediate early gene fosB. Cell 86: 297 - 309

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