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CHAPTER 23

1937–1945. CHAPTER 23. GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ. “…a day that will live in infamy.”. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941. TIMELINE. 1937 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay

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CHAPTER 23

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  1. 1937–1945 CHAPTER 23 GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “…a day that will live in infamy.” Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941

  3. TIMELINE 1937 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay 1938 March: Hitler annexes Austria September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland September: the Munich Accords 1939 March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland September: Britain and France declare war on Germany Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act 1941 June: Executive Order 8802 December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers

  4. TIMELINE continued 1942 February: War Relocation Authority Office of War Information U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews Operation Torch June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway August: Battle of Stalingrad begins 1943 January: Battle of Stalingrad ends United Mine Workers strike Smith-Connally Act May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender

  5. TIMELINE continued 1944 Allied soldiers reach Rome February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the Marianas June: D-Day June: Attack on Saipan 1945 April: Hitler commits suicide April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage May: Victory in Europe Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at Potsdam, Germany July: first test of atomic bomb August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons September: Japanese surrender

  6. GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II Overview • Mobilizing for War • Pearl Harbor: The United States Enters the War • The Home Front • Race and War • Total War

  7. MOBILIZING FOR WAR • The Rise of Fascism • Aggression in Europe and Asia • The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War

  8. The Rise of Fascism • Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922 • Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923 • Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemns Versailles Treaty and proposes Final Solution for European Jewry • Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany in 1933 • Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler becomes the Fuhrer of the Third Reich

  9. Aggression in Europe • Hitler marches into Rhineland • March 1938: Hitler annexes Austria • September 1938: Hitler demands Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia • September 29, 1938: Hitler meets with Mussolini, Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich Conference • March 1939: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia • August 1939: Hitler and Stalin sign pact of non-aggression and agree to divide Poland. September 1, Hitler invades Poland.

  10. Aggression in Asia • 1931: Japanese military stage coup and take over foreign policy • 1932: Japanese troops occupy Manchuria in China • 1937: Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces • December, 1937: Japan sinks American gunboat on Yangtze River, but apologizes

  11. The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War • The “cash and carry” Neutrality Act • The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: advocate helping England by all means short of war • The America First Committee: isolationists seeking protection behind the oceans

  12. PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR • December 7, 1941 • Japanese American Relocation • Wartime Migrations

  13. December 7, 1941 • 7:55am: Japanese bombers attack U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • The surprise attack kills more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers and destroying most of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force • Congress immediately declares war against Japan. • 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States

  14. Japanese American Relocation • More than 100,000 Japanese Americans rounded up and placed in internment camps • Executive Order of internment and War Relocation Authority • 1943: some leave to attend colleges, take service jobs, or serve in the military

  15. Wartime Migrations • African Americans migrate to northern cities to work in war industry plants • Mexicans imported to work in the agricultural and seasonal jobs

  16. THE HOME FRONT • Building Morale • Home Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and “Victory Girls”

  17. Building Morale • Office of War Information • Movies • Radio programs • Publications • Posters • Encouraging work in war industries and preserving the “American way of Life”

  18. Home Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and “Victory Girls” • New employment opportunities for women and disabled • Wages climb • Unions include women and minorities as members • Victory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a patriotic duty

  19. RACE AND WAR • The Holocaust • Racial Tensions at Home • Fighting for the “Double V”

  20. The Holocaust • 6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals, disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani) • American knowledge of Jewish persecution begins in 1930s • Word of extermination camps in 1941 • Anti-Semitism grows in the United States • Denmark defies Nazis; Dominican Republic takes in Jewish refugees

  21. Racial Tensions at Home • Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, suggests march to Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices in defense industry • Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries • Fair Employment Practices Commission

  22. Fighting for the “Double V” • African Americans enthusiastically enlist in the armed services • Navajo “Code Talkers” • By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native Americans serve during the war

  23. TOTAL WAR • The War in Europe • The War in the Pacific • The End of the War

  24. The War in Europe • Allies attack through “the soft underbelly of Europe” • May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa • Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets push Germans back in February, 1943 • Summer of 1943: Allies sieze Sicily • September 1943: Mussolini surrenders • 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German lives • June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion) • Allies at German border by September • May, 1945: Germany surrenders

  25. World War II in Europe

  26. The War in the Pacific • Phillipines fall to Japanese in May, 1942 • May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral Sea • August, 1942: Guadalcanal battle begins • General MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern Pacific • Admiral Nimitz moves across the Central Pacific • Late 1944: U.S. captures Mariana Islands and begins bombing Japan

  27. World War II in the Pacific

  28. The End of the War • The Manhattan Project • July 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and the Potsdam Declaration • August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima: 80,000 people die immediately • August 8, 1945: Atom bomb on Nagasaki • September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders

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