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Chapter 3 Part 2

Chapter 3 Part 2. The Biological Bases of Behavior. Studying the Brain: Research Methods. Electroencephalography (EEG) Damage studies/lesioning Electrical stimulation (ESB) Transcortical Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Brain imaging – computerized tomography – CT

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Chapter 3 Part 2

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  1. Chapter 3 Part 2 The Biological Bases of Behavior

  2. Studying the Brain: Research Methods • Electroencephalography (EEG) • Damage studies/lesioning • Electrical stimulation (ESB) • Transcortical Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) • Brain imaging – • computerized tomography – CT • positron emission tomography - PET • magnetic resonance imaging – MRI • functional magnetic resonance imaging – fMRI

  3. Figure 3-10 – Electroencephalography (EEG)

  4. XXX 3.13

  5. Figure 3.14 – PET scan Figure 3.15 – MRI and fMRI scans

  6. Positron Emission Tomography – PET scan

  7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI

  8. Functional MRI images showing reduced activation of language areas during a linguistic task in patients with schizophrenia

  9. Functional MRI images

  10. Brain Regions and Functions • Hindbrain – vital functions – medulla, pons, and cerebellum • Midbrain – sensory functions – dopaminergic projections, reticular activating system • Forebrain – emotion, complex thought – thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

  11. The Cerebrum: Two Hemispheres, Four Lobes • Cerebral Hemispheres – two specialized halves connected by the corpus collosum • Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing, sequential • Right hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition, parallel • Four Lobes: • Occipital – vision • Parietal – somatosensory – phantom limb - V. S. Ramachandran - Phantoms in the Brain • Temporal - auditory • Frontal – movement, executive control systems • Primary functions and associated functions • Language – Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas – loss of language – aphasia

  12. Figure 3.19 – The cerebral cortex in humans

  13. Figure 3.20 – Primary motor cortex with homunculus

  14. Mirror Neurons • An area just forward of the primary motor cortex is where “mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in the mid-1990s. • May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may underlie the social deficits seen in autistic disorders.

  15. The Plasticity of the Brain • The brain is more “plastic” or malleable than widely assumed • Aspects of experience can sculpt features of brain structure • Damage to incoming sensory pathways or tissue can lead to neural reorganization • Jill Bolte Taylor, Ph.D. – My Stroke of Insight – a neuroscientist story of her stroke and recovery • Adult brain can generate new neurons – neurogenesis

  16. Figure 3.22 – Visual input with split-brain – Roger Sperry and others Figure 3.23 – Split-brain research

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