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Usability in Digital Libraries

Usability in Digital Libraries. שימושיות בספריות דיגיטליות. אריאל פרנק מחלקה למדעי המחשב אוניברסיטת בר-אילן ariel@cs.biu.ac.il. Contents. What is a Digital Library (DL)? What is (DL) Usability? The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? The Universal Library Challenge

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Usability in Digital Libraries

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  1. Usability in Digital Libraries שימושיות בספריות דיגיטליות אריאל פרנק מחלקה למדעי המחשב אוניברסיטת בר-אילן ariel@cs.biu.ac.il A. Frank

  2. Contents • What is a Digital Library (DL)? • What is (DL) Usability? • The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? • The Universal Library Challenge • Faceted Search Paradigm • Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 • Talis Whisper Demo – Usability? A. Frank

  3. Traditional vs. Digital Library A. Frank

  4. What is a Digital Library (DL)?  A. Frank

  5. What is a Digital Library (DL)? (1) • There are dozens of definitions. • Most are very general and verbose. • One of the better (shorter ) ones: • A managed collection of information, with associated services, where the information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. W. Y. Arms, Digital Libraries, MIT Press, 2000 http://www.cs.cornell.edu/wya/DigLib A. Frank

  6. What is a Digital Library (DL)? (2) • We will use the following DL definition: 1. Collection of Digital Objects 2. Knowledge Structures 3. Library Services 4. Library Categories: Domain, Focus & Topic 5. Quality Control 6. Preservation/Persistence Sharon, T. & Frank, A., "Digital Libraries on the Internet", IFLA'00 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, 13-18, August 2000http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/029-142e.htm A. Frank

  7. Contents • What is a Digital Library (DL)? • What is (DL) Usability? • The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? • The Universal Library Challenge • Faceted Search Paradigm • Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 • Talis Whisper Demo – Usability? A. Frank

  8. What is (DL) Usability? • Jeng, Judy (2005). What is usability in the context of the digital library and how can it be measured?,Information Technology and Libraries, 24(2), 47-56. • Jeng, Judy (2006). An evaluation model for assessing usability of academic digital libraries,Research Forum Presentation, New Jersey Library Association. http://web.njcu.edu/sites/faculty/jjeng/Content/default.asp A. Frank

  9. What is Usability? • Usability is a multidimensional construct that can be examined from various perspectives. • The term usability has been used broadly and means different things to different people. • Many studies on usability focus on interface design. • Some relate usability to ease-of-use or user-friendliness and consider it from an interface effectiveness point-of-view. • This view makes sense, as usability has theoretical base in human-computer interaction. A. Frank

  10. Authors Attributes Booth (1989) usefulness, effectiveness, learnability, attitude Brinck et al. (2002) functionally correct, efficient to use, easy to learn, easy to remember, error tolerant, and subjectively pleasing Clairmont et al. (1999) successfully learn and use a product to achieve a goal Dumas & Redish (1993) perform tasks quickly and easily Furtado et al. (2003) ease of use and learning Gluck (1997) useableness, usefulness Guillemette (1995) effectively used by target users to perform tasks Hix & Hartson (1993) initial performance, long-term performance, learnability, retainability, advanced feature usage, first impression, and long-term user satisfaction ISO (1994) effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction Kengeri et al. (1999) effectiveness, likeability, learnability, usefulness Kim (2002) interface effectiveness Nielsen (1993) learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors, satisfaction Oulanov & Pajarillo (2002) affect, efficiency, control, helpfulness, adaptability Shackel (1986) effectiveness, learnability, flexibility, user attitude Figure 1. Attributes of usability Attributes of Usability A. Frank

  11. DL Usability Problems • Digital libraries Awareness/Location problems. • Innumerable opaque digital libraries. • Endless authentication challenges. • Willfully different/complex interfaces – intra-library and inter-library. • Insistence on attempting to suck everyone and everything into the library site. • Not the lightweight, flexible, intelligent and responsive applications encountered online every day (Google, Amazon, Flickr, etc…). A. Frank

  12. DL Awareness/Location Problems • Lack of familiarity and use of DLs. • Hard to locate/identify DLs scattered around the Web. • DLs categories and user interfaces are not always clear/usable. • Not enough Metadata kept for/on DLs. • Harvesting/Indexing information in DLs. A. Frank

  13. SELFDL – Gateway to World of DLs Yom Tov, N. & Frank, A., Harnessing Search Engine (SEs) Technologies to raise Awareness and Discovery of Digital Libraries (DLs), Workshop on “Libraries on the Net”, Haifa University, 2 March 2006http://lib.haifa.ac.il/www/homepage/yomiyun2006/SELFDL_Presentation.pdf A. Frank

  14. Contents • What is a Digital Library (DL)? • What is (DL) Usability? • The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? • The Universal Library Challenge • Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 • Talis Whisper Demo – Usability? A. Frank

  15. The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? LoC from 1800; 132 million items Task: browse for a digital object http://www.loc.gov/ A. Frank

  16. Browse Collections by Topic http://memory.loc.gov/ A. Frank

  17. Technology, Industry: 13 collections A. Frank

  18. The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers A. Frank

  19. Subject Index A. Frank

  20. Subjects A. Frank

  21. Items 1 through 19 of 19 A. Frank

  22. Telegram from Alexander Graham Bell to Alexander Melville Bell A. Frank

  23. Archival grayscale/color (JPEG - 200K) Got to a digital object at last!! A. Frank

  24. Alternative - Search Descriptive Information and/or Full Text A. Frank

  25. Search Results (match any of these words ) Not Googley!! A. Frank

  26. But has “More browse options” A. Frank

  27. Contents • What is a Digital Library (DL)? • What is (DL) Usability? • The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? • The Universal Library Challenge • Faceted Search Paradigm • Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 • Talis Whisper Demo – Usability? A. Frank

  28. The Universal Library Challenge http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print A. Frank

  29. The Universal Library –Library of all Libraries • From the days of Sumerian clay tablets till now, humans have "published" at least: • 32 million books, 750 million articles & essays • 500 million images, 25 million songs • 500,000 movies, 3 million videos, TV shows & short films • 100 billion public Web pages • All this material is currently contained in all the libraries and archives of the world. • When fully digitized, the whole lot could be compressed (at current technological rates) into 50 Petabytes (PB = 1024 TBs). • But building a universal library is a humongous undertaking! A. Frank

  30. So how to tie all the pieces together? A. Frank

  31. Link/Tag/Reference Granularity • Each word in each book can be cross-linked, clustered, cited, extracted, indexed, analyzed, annotated, remixed, reassembled and woven deeper into the culture than ever before. • In the universal library, no book will be an island. • But why just for words – imagine: books, chapters, single pages, snippets of pages, etc. • In the new world of books, every bit informs another; every page reads all the other pages. A. Frank

  32. Virtual “Bookshelves" • Once digitized, books can be unraveled into single pages or be reduced further, into snippets of a page. • These snippets will be remixed into reordered books and virtual bookshelves. • The universal library will encourage the creation of virtual "bookshelves" – a collection of texts, some as short as a paragraph, others as long as entire books, that form a library shelf's worth of specialized information. • And as with music playlists, once created, these "bookshelves" will be published and swapped in the public commons. A. Frank

  33. Traditional Bookshelf – Static but Visual! A. Frank

  34. “What's New” display– Dynamic & Visual! http://monkey.org/~emv/superpatron/aadlnewnonfiction.html A. Frank

  35. The Internet Archive DL • William Y. Arms, et al.,A Research Library Based on the Historical Collections of the Internet Archive, Cornell University, D-Lib Magazine, 12(2),February 2006. • The collections are some ten billion Web pages from the historical collections of the Internet Archive. • The research library challenge is to organize the materials and provide powerful, intuitive tools that will make a huge collection of semi-structured data accessible to researchers, without demanding high levels of computing expertise. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february06/arms/02arms.html A. Frank

  36. Architecture of how researchers use the library A. Frank

  37. Contents • What is a Digital Library (DL)? • What is (DL) Usability? • The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? • The Universal Library Challenge • Faceted Search Paradigm • Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 • Talis Whisper Demo – Usability? A. Frank

  38. Faceted Search Paradigm? • Two Classic Web Search Paradigms: • Navigational search uses a hierarchy structure (taxonomy) to enable users to browse the information space by iteratively narrowing the scope of their quest in a predetermined order. • Exemplified by Yahoo! Directory, DMOZ, etc. • Direct search allows users to write their queries as words in a text box. This approach has been made enormously popular by Web search engines. • Exemplified by Google and Yahoo! Search, etc. A. Frank

  39. New Web Search/Browse Paradigm • Faceted search enables users to navigate a multi-dimensional information space by combining text search with a progressive narrowing of choices in each dimension. • It has become the prevailing user interaction mechanism in e-commerce sites and is being extended to deal with semi-structured data, continuous dimensions, and folksonomies. http://www.searchtools.com/info/faceted-metadata.html A. Frank

  40. Features of Faceted Search • Displaying aspects of the current results set in multiple categorization schemes. • Showing only populated categories, no dead-ends (links leading to empty lists). • Displaying a count of the contents of each category, warning the user how many more choices to see. • Generating groupings on the fly, such as size or price or date. • Drill down by facet, so a diamond buyer could choose price, clarity, size and setting. A. Frank

  41. Tower Records (Endeca) – Search for your favorite artist or record title. – You'll see a list of search results. – You’ll also see a set of options including genre, album feature, price range, format and more. A. Frank

  42. American Express Travel and Leisure (i411) After doing a search, the listing shows options for the matching articles, allowing travelers to choose the one that is most likely to answer their questions. A. Frank

  43. BeachHouse.com (Siderean) A search for beach houses which have internet connections finds some results, and the interface allows vacationers to search/browse by the country, cost, number of bedrooms, and other criteria. A. Frank

  44. Contents • What is a Digital Library (DL)? • What is (DL) Usability? • The Library of Congress (LoC) – Usability? • The Universal Library Challenge • Faceted Search Paradigm • Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 • Talis Whisper Demo – Usability? A. Frank

  45. Thinking “Outside of the Box” A. Frank

  46. Web 2.0 & Library 2.0 hinchcliffe.org/ img/web2tree.jpg A. Frank

  47. Web 2.0 Companies/Logos http://flickr.com/photos/stabilo-boss A. Frank

  48. The Terrible Twos: Web 2.0, Library 2.0, and More http://www.infotoday.com/online/may06/OnTheNet.shtml A. Frank

  49. Web 2.0 Concept • The nebulous Web 2.0 concept represents a second wave of Web techniques to create more interactive and easy-to-use Web sites using new technologies (or using older technologies in a new way). • Often used Web 2.0 examples: del.icio.us, Flickr, Listible, Writely, Yahoo! Answers, Google Maps, Meebo, and Digg. • Web 2.0 technologies often used: Ajax, blogs, APIs, CSS, RSS, social networking, tagging, clouds, and wikis. A. Frank

  50. Library 2.0 (L2) Concept • Like Web 2.0, the definitions for L2 are many: • A port of Web 2.0 concepts to the library world. • A desire to rethink and retool library services. • L2 has a broad focus and has also engendered much debate: • L2 incorporates blogs, wikis, instant messaging, RSS, and social networking into a library services setting. • Finding new ways of involving patrons by letting them contribute comments, add tags, rate library items, and get involved in other interactive and collaborative activities. A. Frank

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