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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The Scope of Ecology Ecology and the Biosphere Biogeography Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes ] Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change Ecology and the Biosphere Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Ecology and the Biosphere > The Scope of Ecology The Scope of Ecology • Introduction to Ecology • Organismal Ecology and Population Ecology • Community Ecology and Ecosystem Ecology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecology-and-the-biosphere-44/the-scope-of-ecology-244/

  6. Ecology and the Biosphere > Biogeography Biogeography • Biogeography • Energy Sources • Temperature and Water • Inorganic Nutrients and Other Factors • Abiotic Factors Influencing Plant Growth Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecology-and-the-biosphere-44/biogeography-245/

  7. Ecology and the Biosphere > Terrestrial Biomes Terrestrial Biomes • What constitutes a biome? • Tropical Wet Forest and Savannas • Subtropical Deserts and Chaparral • Temperate Grasslands • Temperate Forests • Boreal Forests and Arctic Tundra Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecology-and-the-biosphere-44/terrestrial-biomes-246/

  8. Ecology and the Biosphere > Aquatic Biomes Aquatic Biomes • Abiotic Factors Influencing Aquatic Biomes • Marine Biomes • Estuaries: Where the Ocean Meets Fresh Water • Freshwater Biomes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecology-and-the-biosphere-44/aquatic-biomes-247/

  9. Ecology and the Biosphere > Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change • Climate and Weather • Causes of Global Climate Change • Evidence of Global Climate Change • Past and Present Effects of Climate Change Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecology-and-the-biosphere-44/climate-and-the-effects-of-global-climate-change-248/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Ecology and the Biosphere Key terms • algal blooma dense spread of algae on the surface of water • aphoticdescribing that part of the deep oceans and lakes where photosynthesis is not possible • arctic tundraa biome found in the far Northern Hemisphere, north of the boreal forests, where the subsoil is permanently frozen • biogeographythe study of the geographical distribution of living things • biomassthe total mass of all living things within a specific area, habitat, etc. • biomeany major regional biological community such as that of forest or desert • biomeany major regional biological community such as that of forest or desert • biomeany major regional biological community such as that of forest or desert • boreal foresta biome found in the Northern Hemisphere and characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches • brackishsalty or slightly salty, as a mixture of fresh and sea water, such as that found in estuaries • chaparrala region of shrubs, typically dry in the summer and rainy in the winter • chemosynthesisthe production of carbohydrates and other compounds using the oxidation of chemical nutrients as a source of energy rather than sunlight; it is limited to certain bacteria and fungi Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Ecology and the Biosphere • climatelong-term manifestations of weather and other atmospheric conditions in a given area or country in a period long enough to ensure that representative values are obtained (generally 30 years) • communitya group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other • conspecifican organism belonging to the same species as another • conspecifican organism belonging to the same species as another • deciduousof or pertaining to trees which lose their leaves in winter or the dry season • deciduousof or pertaining to trees which lose their leaves in winter or the dry season • desiccationthe state or process of drying-out • eco-regiona region, smaller than an ecozone, that contains a distinct biodiversity of flora and fauna • ecologythe branch of biology dealing with the relationships of organisms with their environment and with each other • ecophysiologythe study of the relationships between, and adaptation of, the physiology of an organism and its environment • ecosystema system formed by an ecological community and its environment that functions as a unit • ecosystema system formed by an ecological community and its environment that functions as a unit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Ecology and the Biosphere • ecotonea transition area between two adjacent ecosystems • endemicunique to a particular area or region; not found in other places • ephemerallasting for a short period of time • estivateto go into stasis or torpor in the summer months • estuarycoastal water body where ocean tides and river water merge • extremophilean organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity, etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions • fossil fuelany fuel derived from hydrocarbon deposits such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, and, to some extent, peat; these fuels are irreplaceable; their burning generates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide • generalistspecies which can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions • greenhouse effectthe process by which a planet is warmed by its atmosphere • greenhouse gasany gas, such as carbon dioxide, that contributes to the greenhouse effect (continued warming) when released into the atmosphere • habitata specific place or natural conditions in which a plant or animal lives • halophyteany plant that tolerates an environment having a high salt content Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Ecology and the Biosphere • heterospecifican organism belonging to a different species to another • hibernationa state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals during winter • hydrologythe science of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on a planet's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere • inorganicrelating to a compound that does not contain carbon • Milankovitch cycleany of the three cyclic variations in the earth's orbit around the sun, respectively the obliquity of its axis, the precession of the equinoxes, and the eccentricity of its orbit • osmosisThe net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential through a partially permeable membrane • ovipositto lay eggs • percolationthe seepage or filtration of a liquid through a porous substance • permafrostpermanently frozen ground • Permianof a geologic period within the Paleozoic era; comprises the Cisuralian, Guadalupian, and Lopingian epochs from about 280 to 248 million years ago • phenologythe study of the effect of climate on periodic biological phenomena • photicof, related to, or irradiated by light; especially describing that part of the near-surface ocean is which photosynthesis is possible Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Ecology and the Biosphere • photicof, related to, or irradiated by light; especially describing that part of the near-surface ocean is which photosynthesis is possible • populationa collection of organisms of a particular species, sharing a particular characteristic of interest, most often that of living in a given area • populationa collection of organisms of a particular species, sharing a particular characteristic of interest, most often that of living in a given area • prairiean extensive area of relatively flat grassland with few, if any, trees, especially in North America • steppethe grasslands of Eastern Europe and Asia • stratificationthe process leading to the formation or deposition of layers • subtropical desertdry region centered on the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn where evaporation exceeds precipitation • temperate forestforest concentrations formed in the northern and southern hemisphere, or in temperate regions; main characteristics include wide leaves, large and tall trees, and seasonal vegetation • thermoclinea layer within a body of water or air where the temperature changes rapidly with depth • torpora state of being inactive or stuporous • transpirationthe loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants, especially through the stomata; accompanied by a corresponding uptake from the roots • understorythe layer of plants that grow in the shade of the canopy of a forest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Ecology and the Biosphere • upwellingthe oceanographic phenomenon that occurs when strong, usually seasonal, winds push water away from the coast, bringing cold, nutrient-rich deep waters up to the surface • weatherthe short term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including the temperature, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation, wind, etc. • zooxanthellaeanimals of the genus Symbiodinium, a yellow dinoflagellate, notably found in coral reefs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Ecology and the Biosphere Chaparrals The chaparral, or scrub forest, is dominated by shrubs adapted to periodic fires. Some plants produce seeds that only germinate after a hot fire. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Ecology and the Biosphere Endangered forest gardenia Listed as federally endangered, the forest gardenia is a small tree with distinctive flowers. It is found only in five of the Hawaiian Islands in small populations consisting of a few individual specimens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44857/latest/Figure_44_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Ecology and the Biosphere Measuring historical climate change By measuring the amount of CO2 trapped in ice, scientists can determine past atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Temperatures relative to the present are determined from the amount of deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) present. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Ecology and the Biosphere Plants in the Arctic tundra Low-growing plants such as shrub willow dominate the tundra landscape, shown here in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Ecology and the Biosphere Levels of ecological study Ecologists study within several biological levels of organization, which include organism, population, community, and ecosystem. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Scope of Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44856/latest/Figure_44_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Ecology and the Biosphere Tropical wet forests Tropical wet forests, such as the forests of Madre de Dios near the Amazon River in Peru, have high species diversity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Ecology and the Biosphere Desert plants To reduce water loss, many desert plants have tiny leaves or no leaves at all. The leaves of ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), shown here in the Sonora Desert near Gila Bend, Arizona, appear only after rainfall and then are shed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Ecology and the Biosphere Deciduous trees Deciduous trees, those that lose their leaves seasonally, are the dominant plant in the temperate forest. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Ecology and the Biosphere Climate change and the Industrial Era The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has risen steadily since the beginning of industrialization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Ecology and the Biosphere Wetlands Located in southern Florida, Everglades National Park is vast array of wetland environments, including sawgrass marshes, cypress swamps, and estuarine mangrove forests. Here, a great egret walks among cypress trees. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Aquatic Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44859/latest/Figure_44_04_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Ecology and the Biosphere Ephemeral plant The spring beauty is an ephemeral spring plant that flowers early in the spring to avoid competing with larger forest trees for sunlight. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44857/latest/Figure_44_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Ecology and the Biosphere Low tide The salinity levels within an estuary are dependent on the tides; during low tide, salt water influx levels are reduced. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Tresillian River Estuary at Low Tide - geograph.org.uk - 586066."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tresillian_River_Estuary_at_Low_Tide_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586066.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Ecology and the Biosphere Oceanic zones The ocean is divided into different zones based on water depth, light availability, and distance from the shoreline. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Aquatic Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44859/latest/Figure_44_04_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  30. Ecology and the Biosphere Algal blooms The uncontrolled growth of algae in this lake has resulted in an algal bloom. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Aquatic Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44859/latest/Figure_44_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Ecology and the Biosphere White-tailed deer Deer such as the white-tailed deer of North America are common inhabitants of temperate forests. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Deer."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeerView on Boundless.com

  32. Ecology and the Biosphere Fennec fox Fennec foxes live in the deserts of Northern Africa and have large ears for heat dissipation during the day. They stay in burrows during the day and are mostly active at night. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fennec fox."CC BY-SA 2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennec_foxView on Boundless.com

  33. Ecology and the Biosphere Caribou (reindeer) in the tundra Some populations of the North American caribou migrate the farthest of any terrestrial mammal, traveling up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi) a year. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Reindeer."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReindeerView on Boundless.com

  34. Ecology and the Biosphere Temperate grasslands in New Zealand Temperate tussock grasslands form expansive and distinctive landscapes in the South Island and to a lesser extent in the central plateau region of the North Island of New Zealand. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."New Zealand tussock grasslands."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_tussock_grasslandsView on Boundless.com

  35. Ecology and the Biosphere Grazing animals The American bison (Bison bison), more commonly called the buffalo, is a grazing mammal that once populated American prairies in huge numbers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Ecology and the Biosphere Savannas Savannas, such as this one in Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary in Kenya, are dominated by grasses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Ecology and the Biosphere Endemic species of Australia Australia is home to many endemic species. The (a) wallaby (Wallabia bicolor), a medium-sized member of the kangaroo family, is a pouched mammal, or marsupial. The (b) echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is an egg-laying mammal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44857/latest/Figure_44_02_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Ecology and the Biosphere Karner blue butterfly caterpillar Karner blue butterfly caterpillars form beneficial interactions with ants. This mutualistic relationship is an example of a community ecological study, which aims to examine the interactions between different species living in an area. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Karner blue butterfly, U, back, Indiana 2013-04-23-14.20.59 ZS PMax."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karner_blue_butterfly,_U,_back,_Indiana_2013-04-23-14.20.59_ZS_PMax.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Ecology and the Biosphere Primary productivity and biomass production The magnitude and distribution of global primary production varies between biomes. However, warm and wet climates have the greatest amount of annual biomass production. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Seawifs global biosphere."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Ecology and the Biosphere Plants in the boreal forest The boreal forest (taiga) has low-lying plants and conifer trees; it often consists of only a tree layer and a ground layer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/Figure_44_03_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Ecology and the Biosphere Karner blue butterfly The Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) is a rare butterfly that lives only in open areas with few trees or shrubs, such as pine barrens and oak savannas. It can only lay its eggs on lupine plants. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Scope of Ecology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44856/latest/Figure_44_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Ecology and the Biosphere Climate Climate refers to long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area. Weather, in contrast, refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time. This map illustrates the various climate conditions around the world. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Daily Galaxy.CC BYhttp://www.dailygalaxy.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/03/27/world_climates_zones_2.gifView on Boundless.com

  43. Ecology and the Biosphere Jack pine cones The mature cones of the jack pine (Pinus banksiana) open only when exposed to high temperatures, such as during a forest fire. A fire will probably kill most vegetation, so a seedling that germinates after a fire is more likely to receive ample sunlight than one that germinates under normal conditions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44857/latest/Figure_44_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Ecology and the Biosphere Greenhouse gasses The burning of fossil fuels in industry and by vehicles releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44861/latest/Figure_44_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Ecology and the Biosphere Przewalski's horses on the Asian steppes The Przewalski's horse is a rare and endangered subspecies of wild horse. By the end of the 1950s, only 12 individual Przewalski's horses were left in the world and several reintroduction programs have released populations back into the grasslands in Mongolia and Ukraine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Przewalski's horse."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewalski's_horseView on Boundless.com

  46. Ecology and the Biosphere Terrestrial biomes Each of the world's major biomes is distinguished by characteristic temperatures and amounts of precipitation. Polar ice and mountains are also shown. Tropical wet forests are depicted in green and are usually found at equatorial regions. Savannas are depicted in light pink and are usually located in Africa, South America, and Northern Australia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 6, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  47. Ecology and the Biosphere Intertidal zone species Sea urchins, mussel shells, and starfish, often found in the intertidal zone, are adapted to this rugged environment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Aquatic Biomes. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44859/latest/Figure_44_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Ecology and the Biosphere Earth's Major Biomes Each of the world's major biomes is distinguished by characteristic temperatures and amounts of precipitation. Each type of biome can be found in multiple places. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Terrestrial Biomes. December 7, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44858/latest/View on Boundless.com

  49. Ecology and the Biosphere Upwelling Ocean upwelling is an important process that recycles nutrients and energy in the ocean. As wind (green arrows) pushes offshore, it causes water from the ocean bottom (red arrows) to move to the surface, bringing up nutrients from the ocean depths. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44857/latest/Figure_44_02_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  50. Ecology and the Biosphere Nurient recycling in freshwater systems The spring and fall turnovers are important processes in freshwater lakes that act to move the nutrients and oxygen at the bottom of deep lakes to the top. Turnover occurs because water has a maximum density at 4 °C. Surface water temperature changes as the seasons progress, causing denser water to sink. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeography. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44857/latest/Figure_44_02_05.pngView on Boundless.com

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