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Respiration

Respiration. The hows and whys of a breath. The Tidal movement of air. Tidal movement of air. Nasal cavities nasopharynx pharynx larynx vocal cords trachea. More airways. Bronchioles respiratory bronchioles aveoli can you name all the structure air passes?.

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration The hows and whys of a breath

  2. The Tidal movement of air

  3. Tidal movement of air • Nasal cavities • nasopharynx • pharynx • larynx • vocal cords • trachea Bio 130 Human Biology

  4. More airways • Bronchioles • respiratory bronchioles • aveoli • can you name all the structure air passes? Bio 130 Human Biology

  5. Human Respiratory System. Putting it all together Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 10.1

  6. The lungs • Located in thoracic cavity above dome shaped diaphragm. • Surrounded by a sac like membrane with fluid in it called the pleural sac. • Alveoli (blind sacs) are surrounded by a dense capillary network and is site of gas exchange. Bio 130 Human Biology

  7. Respiratory Cycle Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 10.9

  8. Factors that effect gas exchange • Air is 21% oxygen. (partial pressure) • The pressure of air affects the amount of oxygen available. • O2 & CO2 move from high to low pressure. • Gas exchange occurs at the surface which must be moist. (800sq feet of surface) Bio 130 Human Biology

  9. Lung capacity • Male 4800ml Female 3800(vital capacity) • 150ml is dead space. • 500ml is moved in and out during rest. (tidal volume) • 350ml actull reach alveoli • 1200ml of residual air is always in the lungs and cannot be forced out. (residual volume) Bio 130 Human Biology

  10. Measurement of Lung Capacity Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 10.10a

  11. In the lungs Oxygen has a high pressure in the lungs and flows into the blood Carbon dioxide has a high pressure in the blood and flows out In the tissues oxygen moves towards the tissues carbon dioxide moves to the blood The two sites of gas exchange Bio 130 Human Biology

  12. Question • What is pulmonary surfactant? Bio 130 Human Biology

  13. Oxygen Binds to hemoglobin in RBC. Hemoglobin gives up oxygen under warm low pH conditions. Carbon dioxide 23% to hemoglobin 70% bicarbonate in blood red blood cells convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate Movement of gases Bio 130 Human Biology

  14. Blood Transports Gases between the Lungs and the Cells • Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions • Bicarbonate is made in the red blood cells • Carbon dioxide and water are converted to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen. • The hydrogen is carried by hemoglobin (no ph change) • Bicarbonate circulates in the blood stream and removes excess acids. Bio 130 Human Biology

  15. Relative gas concentrations, be able to figure out where the gas will go Bio 130 Human Biology

  16. Control of respiration • The body tries to equilibrate blood and air flow. • Airflow can be increased by dilating bronchiole tubes. • Increased oxygen causes blood vessels to dilate. Bio 130 Human Biology

  17. Regulation of Breathing Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 10.13

  18. Regulation of Breathing: Nervous System Involvement • Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata: establishes basic breathing pattern • Chemical receptors: monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and oxygen levels • Medulla: sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid resulting from carbon dioxide in blood Bio 130 Human Biology

  19. Regulation of Breathing: Nervous System Involvement • Carotid and aortic bodies: sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levels • Conscious control: resides in higher brain centers; ability to modify breath Bio 130 Human Biology

  20. Unusual places to breath • When moving from high to low pressures, gases can escape into the blood, decompression sickness. • Hypoxia is due to low oxygen pressure at high elevations. • Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin better than oxygen. Bio 130 Human Biology

  21. Disorders of Respiratory System • Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema, bronchitis • Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism • Lung cancer • Congestive heart failure • Cystic fibrosis Bio 130 Human Biology

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