Chapter 2: The English Arrive in America

1. Chapter 2: The English Arrive in America

2. Are there any core values that most Americans share? Do you think that the colonists helped shape these values? • The Impact of the early colonial period: • Religious conflicts in Europe influenced the colonists’ ideas of religious tolerance. • The northern United States is still more urban than much of the South. • The United States remains a nation made up of immigrants from many countries.

3. Section 1: England’s First Colonies Overview: Major changes in England caused the English to establish colonies on the Eastern Coast of North America. Types of changes: -Religious -Economic -Political

4. England Takes Interest in America • In 1497, John Cabot had sailed to present day Nova Scotia, searching for a sea route through North America to China. (Northwest Passage) -For next 80 years, English made no effort to colonize. -Little money -No wealth found -Spanish had already claimed it. -Major religious, economic and political changes would take place

5. Religious Changes and the Interest in America • Turning Point: The Reformation • Martin Luther’s attack against the Catholic Church • Ninety-Five Theses-1517 • Marked beginning of the Protestant Reformation • Led to break within the Catholic Church and the creation of the Protestant Church • Reformation in England • 1527: King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church • Pope refused to grant annulment between Henry and his wife Catherine. • Henry declared himself the head of the Church of England and arranged his own divorce. • The new Anglican Church was Protestant even though its organization and rituals were mostly Catholic. • Puritans • wanted to purify the Anglican church of remaining Catholic elements • Hated that monarchs and bishops controlled the church • Believed every congregation should elect its own ministers • When James I became king in 1603, he refused to tolerate Puritan ideas and many became interested in leaving England.

6. Economic Changes and the Interest in America • Revolution in trade and agriculture was changing English society • Traditionally, nobles owned large estates and rented land to tenant farmers. • Enclosure Movement • Nobles began fencing off their land to turn convert their estates into sheep farms-thousands of tenant farmers were evicted. • Continued economic problems encouraged many to come to America. • Joint-Stock companies-pooled money to support big projects • -They could afford to trade with and colonize other parts of the world. • Mercantilism: Emphasized establishing a colonies for a favorable balance of trade for the mother country. (Desire for gold, silver, and other resources)

7. England Returns to America • The quest for new markets convinced English merchants to resume the search for a northern water route to Asia. • Growing Rivalry with Spain • England became the leading Protestant power; Spain the leading Catholic power. • Queen Elizabeth aided the Protestant Dutch against the Spanish. • She needed a base of operations to allow attacks on Spanish ships-she sought them in America. • After two unsuccessful attempts to create a colony, Walter Raleigh sent two ships to scout the coastline. • Found an island along the banks of modern North Carolina. • Native Americans called it Roanoke. • Queen Elizabeth knighted Raleigh and he named the land Virginia, in honor of her. WHY?? • Raleigh sent settlers to Roanoke Island twice. • The first group returned to England. • The second group disappeared. • The colony vanished after war between England and Spain kept supplies from reaching them. (“The Lost Colony”)

8. Jamestown is Founded • In 1606, King James I allowed English investors of the Virginia Company to place colonies in Virginia. • Three small ships and 144 men arrived in May 1607 at a settlement they named Jamestown. • Troubles • Poor location • Too close to sea • Swampy land and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. • Most were townspeople who knew little • Upper class “gentlemen” refused to do manual labor • Jamestown’s governing council argued and couldn’t make decisions • Led to lawlessness, sickness and food shortages • 190 more arrived in 1608, by the end of the year only 53 were alive.

9. Jamestown, continued... • Captain John Smith was Jamestown’s only strong leader. • In 1607, with winter approaching, he explored the region and began trading goods for food with Native American group called the Powhatan Confederacy, led by Chief Powhatan. • 400 new settlers came in August 1609 after the VA Company offered free land to anyone who worked the colony for seven years. • Newcomers caused a major food shortage. • John Smith returned to England due to a gunpowder burn • They stole food from natives, leading to them being attacked.

10. Jamestown, continued... • “Starving Time”-Winter of 1609 to 1610 • They ate “dogs, rats, snakes, toadstools, and horsehides.” Some even resorted to cannibalism. • By the spring of 1610 only 60 were alive. • They decided to abandon Jamestown and go back to England • On the way they met three ships carrying supplies and 150 more settlers • They returned with the governor and his deputy. • A harsh code of law was put into place. • They were required to work six hours a day with the death penalty for crimes like rape, adultery, lying, swearing, and derision of the Bible.

11. Tobacco Saves Jamestown • The production of tobacco had been controlled by the Spanish. • It ad become very popular in Europe in the early 1600s. • Colonist John Rolfe used tobacco seeds from Trinidad and developed a new method for curing it. • It sold for a good price and settlers soon began planting large quantities of it. • What is John Rolfe also famous for?

12. Changes in Politics and Government /Luring Settlers • In 1618, new reforms were introduced by the Virginia Company to attract settlers: • Virginia was given the right to elect its own lawmaking body. • New government included a governor, 6 councillors, and 20 representatives. • Representatives were called burgesses. • The assembly was called the House of Burgesses. • Settlers who bought a share in the company or paid for their passage were given 50 acres and 50 more for each member over 15 and servants. • Marriage opportunities for single men • A bachelor could purchase a bride for 120 pounds of tobacco • Started bringing Africans as “Christian servants.”

13. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony • New policies triggered a wave of immigration • By 1622, 4500 settlers had arrived in Virginia. • Alarmed Native Americans who attacked Jamestown in March 1922 and killed nearly 350 settlers. • The Virginia Company was blamed for the attacks and the government revoked the company’s charter. • It became a royal colony run by governor appointed by the King.

14. Maryland is Founded • Maryland was not founded by a joint-stock company like Virginia. • Founded by George Calvert, or Lord Baltimore. • He was Catholic and a friend of King James and his son Charles. • Wanted a colony where Catholics could practice religion freely. • 1632, King Charles granted him a large area of land. • It was the first proprietary colony (owned by an individual) • He could run it any way he wanted. • He died before settlers arrived • Ended up being mostly Protestant, but government officials and estate owners were Catholic. • Toleration Act of 1649 granted toleration to all Christians in the colony.

15. Review • What did it mean to be Puritan? • How did the enclosure movement in England encourage interest in America? • How did John Smith help Jamestown survive? • What crop did John Rolfe establish in Jamestown? • What are the major differences in the founding of Virginia and Maryland?

16. Section 2: The New England Colonies

17. Overview: • This section explores the colonies founded in New England by English Puritans. • In the 1600s, English Puritans were fleeing religious persecution and economic difficulties. • They founded several colonies in New England

18. THE PILGRIMS FOUND PLYMOUTH COLONY • The Puritans were a group of Puritan Separatists, who wanted to separate from the Anglican Church. • They were influenced by John Calvin, who preached predestination. • James I had persecuted them and many had fled to Holland in 1608, then to America in 1617. • September 16, 1620, 102 passengers of the Mayflower set off for Virginia • They had a copy of John Smith’s “Map of New England” • Settled at “Plymouth” • William Bradford-leader of the colony • Built modest homes • Plague swept through leaving only 50 settlers. • Might not have survived without Squanto • Taught them about their new environment • Helped negotiate a peace treaty with Wampanoag people. • Celebrated in a three day festival.

19. “ THE PURITANS FOUND MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY • John Winthrop and other Puritan leaders created the colony as a refuge for Puritans escaping the persecution from Charles I and economic recession that was plaguing England. • 1630, 11 ships and 900 settlers • “The Lord will make our name a praise and glory…We shall be like a City upon a Hill; the eyes of all people are upon us.” (John Winthrop) • Winthrop believed the government should support religion and laws required everyone to attend church. • It became a theocracy, where the government regulated moral behavior. • The government discouraged different religious beliefs. • Puritan intolerance led to the founding of other colonies in New England.

20. RHODE ISLAND • Roger Williams • Founded Providence when he was banished from Massachusetts Bay • Supported separation of church and state and individual religious freedom • Ann Hutchinson • Was banished from Boston • She was charged with heresy because she challenged the authority of ministers. • She and her followers founded the town of Portsmouth • Other towns were soon established and joined with Providence and Portsmouth to form Rhode Island. • In 1663, Parliament granted a charter to the colony that guaranteed religious freedom.

21. RIVER TOWNS OF CONNECTICUT • Government of Massachusetts allowed Reverend Thomas Hooker and his congregation to relocate to the Connecticut River Valley. • First colony to adopt a Constitution, and allowed all adult men to vote and serve in government. • Faced war with the Pequots in 1637.

22. NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE • Created by two men who were given a grant by the government north of Massachusetts and they divided the land. • Massachusetts challenged their claims, but the courts ruled in favor of the men. • N.H. became a royal colony in 1679, but Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 1820.

23. KING PHILIP’S WAR • Natives and settlers had good relations for 40 years after Pequot War. • Fur trade helped relations • Trade began to decline and natives felt English were destroying their way of life. • King Philip’s War erupted when Plymouth executed three natives for a murder. • Colonists won, driving away natives from New England.

24. REVIEW Why did Pilgrims and Puritans migrate to America? What is meant by a “City on a Hill?” In what ways were the reasons for the founding of Massachusetts and Rhode Island different and similar?

25. Section 3: Southern and Middle Colonies This section describes factors that led to the founding of seven Middle and Southern Colonies.

26. The English Civil War and the Colonies • The English Civil War began in 1642 • Between supporters of King Charles I and supporters of Parliament. • Parliament was mostly Puritan • In 1649, Parliament won and put the King to death. • Oliver Cromwell seized power and became a dictator in England. • After Cromwell’s death, Parliament restored the monarchy under Charles II and began colonizing again for: • Natural resources • Markets for English goods

27. New York and New Jersey • New York • Became an English colony through conquest • It was originally New Netherland, belonging to the Dutch. • England had a rivalry in the fur trade with the Dutch. • King Charles II provided his brother, the Duke of York, a fleet and he seized and renamed it. • New Jersey • The Duke of York granted parts of New York to other English nobles and became New Jersey.

28. Pennsylvania and Delaware • Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, a Quaker • King owed him a debt and granted him the land. • Quakers: • Believed religion was a personal experience • No need for ministers • Objected to political laws, like tax payment • Objected to war • Wanted fair treatment for natives • Penn wanted Pennsylvania to be a refuge for all those persecuted- A “Holy Experiment” • Government had an elected assembly and guaranteed religious freedom-very democratic for the time. • Attracted many people from Europe • Penn purchased land below Pennsylvania from the Duke of York to give settlers access to the sea-became Delaware.

29. Southern Colonies • Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Carolinas • Charles II awarded the Carolinas (Latin for Charles) to those who had helped during the restoration of the English monarchy. • It developed as two separate regions, settled by proprietors, not joint-stock companies. • Slavery was introduced almost immediately.

30. The Georgia Experiment • Began its history as a colony for English prisoners who could not pay their debts. • Gave them the chance for the poor to start over. • It also provided a strategic buffer to keep Spain from expanding north. • Named in honor of King George II. • Had strict rules • Banned rum, brandy, and slavery, which were eventually lifted.

31. By 1775, about 2.5 million people lived in England’s American colonies. • Its success would prove its undoing. • By permitting new types of worship and government, they had planted the seeds of rebellion. • Colonies had developed their own unique cultures • Typical English colonists came to the New World to improve their economic status or to seek greater political and religious independence.

32. Section 4: Colonial Ways of Life.

33. This section explains the different economies developed by the Southern, New England, and Middle Colonies

34. Southern Society • Based mostly on agriculture • Tobacco-mostly in Virginia and Maryland • South’s first successful cash crop • Many in England became indentured servants • Made labor contracts with colonists, agreeing to work for four years and in return their passage, food, clothing was paid for until the contract expired. • About half of indentured servants died in VA and MA before earning their freedom. • Of those who became free, less than half acquired their own land. • In South Carolina, settlers turned to rice after sugarcane failed. • Imported enslaved Africans to cultivate it. • Became a major cash crop in South Carolina and Georgia

35. Disparities in Wealth • Wealthy plantation owners (planter elite) • enjoyed economic and political influence and had huge estates. • Majority of landowners were small farmers • practiced subsistence farming (raising enough for their families). • Landless tenant farmers • Many couldn’t afford the numerous costs • Worked land they rented from the planter elite.

36. Bacon’s Rebellion • 1676, violence erupted between army of Jamestown Governor William Berkeley and a militia led by Nathaniel Bacon. • Over land-many tenant farmers wanted to have their own land, but Berkeley wouldn’t expand the settlement for fear of provoking natives. • Also over taxexemptions planter elite were receiving. • After Bacon’s Rebellion, more enslaved Africans were used instead of indentured servants. • They would never need land • Less were willing to be indentured servants • England had a charter to engage in the slave trade • Slaves could be used as collateral to borrow money.

37. Slavery in the Colonies • Middle Passage-voyage from Africa to America • 8-10 million slaves reached America by 1870, imported by the British, Spanish, French and Dutch. • In Virginia they were at first treated like indentured servants because English law did not recognize ownership of humans. • Many believed it was acceptable if they were not Christians. • By 1660s, their status was lowered, regardless of religion.

38. Life in New England • Diverse economy • Not suitable to cash crops and large plantations • Farmers mostly practiced subsistence farming • Fishing brought most prosperity • Whaling (whale blubber used to make candles, lamp oil) • Thriving lumber industry • Shipbuilding

39. Life in New England, Continued Life in small communities centered around town common -marketplace -school -meetinghouse, or church -discussed issues at town meetings -developed strong belief in the right to governthemselves Puritans -valued religious devotion, hard work and obedience to rules. -Watching neighbor’s behavior was considered a religious duty

40. Section 5: A Diverse Society This section describes the growth of the economy, population, and spirit of individualism that arose in the colonies.

41. Mercantilism • Mercantilists believed that to become wealthy and powerful, a country had to accumulate gold and silver. • They would do this by selling more goods. • More gold and silver would flow into the country than flowed out. • A country should be self-sufficient in raw materials, therefore they needed colonies where raw materials were available. • Benefit: Gave colonies a reliable market for their goods • Negative: Prevented colonies from selling certain goods to other nations. • Navigation Acts-required all goods shipped to and from colonies to be on English ships • Specific products could only be sold to England • Merchants bringing foreign goods had to first stop at England and pay taxes. Increased prices for colonists. • Encouraged colonial merchants to break laws.

42. Glorious Revolution of 1688 • James II was losing support in England, and he had converted to Catholicism. • To prevent a male heir, the English parliament invited his daughter and her husband to claim the throne. • It was a bloodless change of power. • William and Mary took the throne and signed the English Bill of Rights • One provision said that monarchs could not impose taxes without parliament’s consent • Guaranteed freedom of speech, banned excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments.

43. John Locke’s Political Theories • The Glorious Revolution suggested that there were times when Revolutions were necessary • In 1690, John Locke published Two Treatises of Government • Argued that a monarch’s right to rule came from people • All people were born with natural rights to life, liberty and property • If government does not uphold rights, people can rebel against government. • Struck a chord with American colonists • Restated in Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence.

44. Population Quiz • There was huge population growth after 1700. • Married young and had numerous children. Large families were needed for farms. • Increased immigration into the middle colonies (especially Pennsylvania) by Germans, Scots-Irish, and Jews • Increased numbers of slaves added to the racial diversity.