Bellringer – March 3, 2014

1. Bellringer – March 3, 2014 1) Draw the following leaf and fill in the blanks for the 5 arrows. 2) In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? 3) Try and write the FULL equation for photosynthesis

2. Photosynthesis:LifefromLight andAir AQUAPONICS

3. Plants are energy producers • Like animals, plants need energy to live • Unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy • Plants make both food & energy • animals are consumers • plants are producers

4. The Process That Feeds the Biosphere • Photosynthesis • the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy • Who or What? • Plants and other autotrophs • They are producersof the biosphere

5. 2 Types of Autotrophs • Chemoautotrophs • Use chemosynthesis to make “food” • Photoautotrophs • Use photosynthesis to make “food”

6. Plants, some bacteria and algae are photoautotrophs • Use energy of sun to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2 • Some worms and bacteria are chemoautotrophs • Use energy from chemicals to make organic molecules

8. These organisms use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxideand (in most cases) water. They feed not onlythemselves, but the entire living world. (a) On land, plants are the predominant producers of food. In aquatic environments, photosynthetic organisms include (b) multicellularalgae, such as this kelp; (c) some unicellular protists, such as Euglena; (d) the prokaryotes clled cyanobacteria; and (e) other photosynthetic prokaryotes, such as these purple sulfur bacteria, which produce sulfur (spherical globules) (c, d, e: LMs). (a) Plants 10 m (c) Unicellular protist Figure 10.2 1.5 m (e) Pruple sulfur bacteria 40 m (b) Multicellular algae (d) Cyanobacteria • Photosynthesis • Occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, some prokaryotes

9. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs • Obtain their organic material from other organisms • They are consumersof the biosphere

10. (ATP) carbon dioxide sun energy  glucose + oxygen + water + sun energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2 C6H12O6 + Using light & air to grow plants • Photosynthesis • using sun energy to make ATP • using carbon dioxide & water to make sugar • Takes place in chloroplast • allows plants to grows • makes a waste product • oxygen

11. Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants • The leaves of plants-THEY’RE GREEN!! • major sites of photosynthesis

12. Chloroplasts Organelle where photosynthesis occurs • Stroma • Dense fluid within chloroplast • Dark reaction occurs here • Thylakoids • Membranous sac (or “coin”) in stroma • Inside space called thylakoid space • Light reactions occur here • Grana (granum = singular) • Stack of thylakoids (“coins”)

14. The Equation for Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food • Photosynthesis is summarized by this Overall chemical equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

15. The Nature of Sunlight • Light • a form of electromagnetic energy, which travels in waves and particles (called photons) • Wavelength • distance between crests of waves • Determines type of electromagnetic energy (wavelength & energy are inversely proportionate)

16. 1 m 106 nm 10–5 nm 106 nm 1 nm 10–3 nm 103 nm 103 m Micro- waves Radio waves Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Visible light 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength Lower energy Higher energy • The electromagnetic spectrum • The entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

17. Light Reflected Light Chloroplast Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light Color we SEE = color most reflected by pigment; other colors (wavelengths) are absorbed • BLACK  all colors are reflected

18. How do the light reactions capture solar energy? • Photosynthetic Pigments • molecules that absorb visible light • different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light • Many different pigments used in light reactions of photosynthesis

19. Primary vs. Accessory Pigments • Primary Pigment • Chlorophyll a (most abundant) • Accessory (Antennae) Pigments • Chlorophyll b • Anthocyanins • Xanthophylls • Cartenoids

20. Photosynthetic pigments • Primary pigment= chlorophyll a  • takes direct part in light reactions • Accessory pigments • protect chlorophyll a from UV light damage • absorb light at wavelengths that are not absorbed by chlorophyll a • Funnel e-s to chlorophyll a  help broaden the absorption spectrum for photosynthesis (act as “antennae”)

21. The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview • The Light reactions • NEEDS LIGHT • Light Dependent Reactions • The Calvin cycle • A.k.a- Dark Reactions or Light Independent Reactions • DOES NOT NEED LIGHT

22. The Light Reactions • Occur in the grana (& thylakoids) • Convert solar energy to chemical energy • Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy • Splits water • release O2 (a by-product) • produce ATP (chemical energy)

23. The Calvin Cycle • Occurs in the stroma • Forms SUGAR from carbon dioxide • Carbon fixationoccurs (CO2 fixed carbon) • Uses ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power

24. H2O CO2 Light NADP  ADP + P LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE ATP NADPH Chloroplast [CH2O] (sugar) O2 An overview of photosynthesis

25. carbon dioxide + water + energy  glucose + oxygen light energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 Photosynthesis This is the equation you are used to seeing, but this is not the whole story…

26. Exit Slip-March 4, 2014 Plant Identification: B C A D E Word bank: Sage, geranium, curly kale, swiss chard, basil