Ariccia November 13, 2014 Knowledge, science and society Giorgio Sirilli

1. Ariccia November 13, 2014 Knowledge, science and society Giorgio Sirilli

3. Your motto: “IN ITINERE SAPIENTIA” The “Owl of Minerva“ a symbol of knowledge, wisdom, perspicacity and erudition Università “La Sapienza”

4. Definition of knowledge Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology.

5. Definition of science Science may be defined as "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world." Science uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena.

6. Definition of society Society: a group of people involved in persistent interpersonal relationships, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

7. Complexity

8. Leonardo da Vinci La luce della scienza cerco e 'l beneficio

9. Scientist versus fortune teller Scientist Fortune teller

10. The most used adjective “beautiful!” “interesting!”

11. The scientific method Observation Hypothesis Experimentation Conclusion Newton’s apple Acceleration

12. Norms of scientists (Robert Merton) Communalism All scientists should have equal access to scientific goods (intellectual property) and there should be a sense of common ownership in order to promote collective collaboration, secrecy is the opposite of this norm Universalism All scientists can contribute to science regardless of race, nationality, culture, or gender Disinterestedness according to which scientists are supposed to act for the benefit of a common scientific enterprise, rather than for personal gain Originality requires that scientific claims contribute something new, whether a new problem, a new approach, new data, a new theory or a new explanation Organised Skepticism means that scientific claims must be exposed to critical scrutiny before being accepted

13. Giants and dwarfs Isaac Newton “We are dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants” (Meaning: discovering truth by building on previous discoveries) (Nanos gigantum humeris insidentes)

14. A long history of science

15. The two sides of the same coin Ethical drugs and their side effects Nuclear energy

16. The development of occupation 80 % agriculture services 33 % industry time 1800 1960

17. A brief history of science and technology: from patronage to public and private investment Patronage from rulers Industrial Revolution Between the First and the Second World War rockets, nuclear energy, operations research, DDT After the Second World War science and technology policy from governments

18. Who produces knowledge

19. Research and development: the organisations Private non profit institutions University Public research agencies Business firms

21. CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)

22. CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) Fabiola Gianotti

23. The Italian Constitution Art. 33 L'arte e la scienza sono libere e libero ne è l'insegnamento. Le istituzioni di alta cultura, università ed accademie, hanno il diritto di darsi ordinamenti autonomi nei limiti stabiliti dalle leggi dello Stato

24. Transmission of knowledge Secondary school Third level education Primary school

25. Transmission of knowledge Massimo Recalcati “L’ora di lezione”, Einaudi, 2014

26. Statements of policy makers in Italy “Why shoud we pay researchers if we make the best shoes in the world?” Silvio Berlusconi “Culture does not provide food” (Con la cultura non si mangia) Giulio Tremonti