Swbat: determine various naturally occurring processes that can occur in New Jersey

1. Swbat: determine various naturally occurring processes that can occur in New Jersey DO NOW: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HURRICANE AND A TORNADO? WHAT IS SIMILAR ABOUT A HURRICANE AND A TORNADO?

2. New Jersey and Naturally Occurring Processes Storm sound effectsl\ Introduction worksheet: Natural Disasters: Disasters or Blessing.

3. Tornado http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=twister+movie&view=detail&mid=3004D4C283280E8527AE3004 D4C283280E8527AE&first=41

4. A tornado is a column of swirling wind: an extremely destructive funnel-shaped rotating column of air that passes in a narrow path over land Tornadoes are similar to a hurricane in that they both contain destructive circular winds. Differs in that it takes place over land Spawned by thunderstorms Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long. Every state is at some risk from this hazard. Before a tornado hits, the wind may die down and the air may become very still.

5. Preparing for a tornadoArticle: Science World “Deadly Twister” To begin preparing, you should build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan. Listen to NOAA Weather Radio or to commercial radio or television newscasts for the latest information. In any emergency, always listen to the instructions given by local emergency management officials. Be alert to changing weather conditions. Look for approaching storms. Look for the following danger signs: Dark, often greenish sky Large hail A large, dark, low-lying cloud (particularly if rotating) Loud roar, similar to a freight train. If you see approaching storms or any of the danger signs, be prepared to take shelter immediately.

6. HURRICANES Before and after pictures of Sandy http://abcnews.go.com/US/video/hurricane-sandy-jersey-beach-town-water-17602176 ABC video of Hurricane Sandy

7. Hurricanes are a tropical cyclonic storm having minimum winds • The English word hurricane comes from Spanish word huracan, which means great wind • Hurricane watch – means that a hurricane will probably strike your area within the next 24 hours • Once a hurricane watch is issued, it may be too late to take precautions • A hurricane’s low – pressure center of relative calm is called the eye • Hurricanes build energy as they move across the ocean, sucking up warm, moist tropical air from the surface and dispensing cooler air • Wind speeds can be as high as 185mph on coastal areas • Saffir-Simpson scale was established to rank the relative intensities of hurricanes

8. EFFECTS: • Flash flooding • Loss of vegetation • Loss of coastal protection (dunes) • Decrease in larval fish and shellfish • Major property loss • Coastal flooding can cause road runoff and pollute groundwater supplies • Shipwrecks and grounded shipping vessels could cause oil spills • Economic impacts • High winds leading to damage of property • Severe home damage such as roofs, windows and doors • Water inside homes or buildings

9. Prevention Methods: • Stock up on drinking water and supplies • Access to working portable radio • Board up windows • Plan an escape route • Maintain a supply of flashlights, candles and kerosene lamps • A cell phone with a fully charged battery may be helpful in case of emergency • If you own a boat, move it to a safer place, or tighten your lines • If you live in a mobile home, check tie downs and leave immediately for a safer place Read Articles about Sandy from Science World and Today magazine

10. Which does more damage, a hurricane or a tornado? • A storm surge is a giant wave? True/False • If we have more sophisticated warning systems about hurricanes today, why is there more property damage now than in the past? (Think about Sandi) Ticket to Leave – on loose leafpaper answer these questions

11. Water Erosion

12. Water Erosion is the detachment of earth material from surface by long running water • Water is the most important erosional agent and erodes most commonly as running water in streams • There are several types of erosion such as water, wind, ice and wave

13. Effects: Loss of farmland Loss of habitat loss of topsoil roadway damage buildup of sediment where drainage is necessary Economic impacts Prevention: Make sure your water body is surrounded by plenty of trees, shrubs and other plants. Remove debris and trash from your creek, marsh, stream or other local water body Keep people, cars and grazing animals away from the edge of the water Build steps on a ramp between the top and bottom of the bank if you need access to the water Avoid heavy loads on the top of stream banks or shorelines Plant and protect vegetation on the slopes of the shorelines and on the areas adjacent to the slope.

14. What do you think: Are sinkholes the same as water erosion? SinkHoles

15. Sinkholes are an area of ground that has no natural external surface drainage- when it rains, all of the water stays inside the sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface. • They can vary from a few feet to hundreds of acres and from less than 1 to more than 100 feet deep. • They can form so slowly that little change is noticeable or can be sudden and a collapse happens • In NJ East Rutherford a man and his forklift was dragged into a sinkhole. What is a sinkhole?

16. Sinkholes have been associated with land use practices, especially from groundwater pumping and from construction and development practices • Sinkholes can also form when natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water-diversion systems are developed • Some can form when the land surface is changed, such as when industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created

17. The overburden sediments that cover buried cavities in the aquifer systems are delicately balanced by ground water fluid pressure. The water below ground is actually helping to keep the surface soil in place. Groundwater pumping for urban water supply and for irrigation can produce new sinkholes in sinkhole-prone areas, such as Florida. If pumping results in a lowering of groundwater levels, then underground structural failure, and thus, sinkholes, can occur. Sinkholes can be human induced - Experiment

18. Landslides

19. Landslides are downward sliding of a relatively dry mass of earth and rock • These can happen because of heavy rain, earthquakes and human activity. • Landslides are usually associated with mountainous areas, but can also occur where relief is generally low

20. Landslides are a major geologic hazard • In New Jersey they are a hazard in areas with steep to moderate slopes and where geologic formations are prone to failure • Examples of Landslides in New Jersey: July 23, 1887 caused by heavy rain November 1948 – Lambertville quarry killed two men August 2000 – caused by a foot of rain damaged homes and businesses One of the most active landslide areas is the Palisades located in northeastern New Jersey along the Hudson River Most common in the winter and spring

21. CAUSES: Over steepening of slopes by human activity causes many landslides in New Jersey Road construction, cutting of trees and other vegetation on landslide –prone slopes Land development Mining and quarrying have made steep slopes susceptible to landslides

22. EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT LOSS OF TREES, FIELDS AT THE BASE OF SLOPE LOSS OF TOPSOIL DESTRUCTION OF HOMES DESTRUCTION OF ROADS LOSS OF LIFE ECONOMIC IMPACT – COST FOR CLEANUP • PREVENTIONS: • Education and knowledge, and planning are the most valuable tools in preventing damage • Plant ground cover on slopes • Build retaining walls • In mudflow areas build channels or deflection walls to direct the flow around buildings

23. Landslide Warning Signs • Doors or windows begin to stick or jam • New cracks begin to appear in plaster, tile, brick or foundations • Outside walls, walk ways or stairs begin to pull away from the building • Cracks begin to widen on the ground or on paved areas such as streets or driveways • Underground utility lines begin to break • The ground begins to bulge at the base of a slope • Water breaks through the ground surface in new locations • Fences, retaining walls, utility poles or trees begin to tilt or move • PREPARE AHEAD OF TIME • Make and evacuation plan • Plan at least two evacuation routes – roads may be blocked due to debris • Develop an emergency communication plan • Have a set place to meet back together if separated • Ask an out of state relative or friend to serve as the “family contact”

24. Resource Page: Go to next slide for videos Landslides - http://www.fema.gov/areyouready/landslide.shtm http://landslides.usgs.gov/regional/inventory/newjersey/ http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/infocirc/landslides.pdf http://www.stfrancis.edu/content/ns/bromer/earthsci/student10/index.htm Worksheet: Landslides on the road to destruction

25. WINTER STORMS http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=12495587

26. Winter storms is an event in which dominant varieties of precipitation are formed that only occur at cold temperatures Effects:ice can cause vegetation damage, over salting of roadways equals runoff into rivers and other water supplies leading to fish and plants dying, economic impacts, coastal flooding can increase road runoff

27. Heat wave

28. Heat Wave is an extensive slow moving air mass at a relatively high temperature. • Can cause: drought , dust storms, loss of vegetation, dried up wells, water restrictions, increase in food costs • Preventions: drink plenty of water, limit stressful activity outdoors

29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQg4kHYrZ9c http://abcnews.go.com/US/video/california-landslide-wipes-out-road-14998170 Packet worksheet: Weather Forecasting